A 65-year-old woman presents with progressive gait difficulty, neck pain, and bladder incontinence. She also complains of urinary urgency. Past medical history is significant for uncontrolled diabetes mellitus with a previous hemoglobin A1c of 10.8%. Physical examination reveals slightly increased muscle tone in all limbs with brisk tendon reflexes. Sensory examination reveals a decrease of all sensations in a stocking and glove distribution. Her gait is significantly impaired. She walks slowly with small steps and has difficulty turning while walking. She scores 23 out of 30 on a mini-mental state examination (MMSE). A brain MRI reveals dilated ventricles with a callosal angle of 60 degrees and mild cortical atrophy. What is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
ADonepezil
BAcetazolamide
CVentriculoperitoneal shunt
DLarge-volume lumbar tap
ELevodopa
A 25-year-old female comes to her obstetrician’s office for a prenatal visit. She has a transvaginal ultrasound that correlates with her last menstrual period and dates her pregnancy at 4 weeks. She has no complaints except some nausea during the morning that is improving. She comments that she has had some strange food cravings, but has no issues with eating a balanced diet. Her BMI is 23 kg/m^2 and she has gained 1 pound since the start of her pregnancy. She is curious about her pregnancy and asks the physician what her child is now able to do. Which of the following developments is expected of the fetus during this embryological phase?
AFormation of male genitalia
BClosure of the neural tube
CMovement of limbs
DCreation of the notochord
ECardiac activity visible on ultrasound
A 74-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter for worsening memory for the past 1 month. She can no longer manage her bills and frequently forgets the names of her children. Her daughter is also concerned that her mother has a urinary tract infection because she has had increased urinary urgency and several episodes of urinary incontinence. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows poor short-term memory recall and a slow gait with wide, short steps. Which of the following is most likely to improve this patient's condition?
ABromocriptine therapy
BVaginal pessary placement
CCerebral shunt placement
DDonepezil therapy
ECiprofloxacin therapy
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