A research team develops a new monoclonal antibody checkpoint inhibitor for advanced melanoma that has shown promise in animal studies as well as high efficacy and low toxicity in early phase human clinical trials. The research team would now like to compare this drug to existing standard of care immunotherapy for advanced melanoma. The research team decides to conduct a non-randomized study where the novel drug will be offered to patients who are deemed to be at risk for toxicity with the current standard of care immunotherapy, while patients without such risk factors will receive the standard treatment. Which of the following best describes the level of evidence that this study can offer?
ALevel 1
BLevel 3
CLevel 5
DLevel 4
ELevel 2
A researcher is studying the interactions between foreign antigens and human immune cells. She has isolated a line of lymphocytes that is known to bind antigen-presenting cells. From this cell line, she has isolated a cell surface protein that binds to class I major histocompatibility complex molecules. The continued activation, proliferation and survival of this specific cell line requires which of the following signaling molecules?
AInterleukin 1
BInterleukin 4
CInterleukin 2
DInterleukin 8
EInterleukin 6
An investigator studying the molecular characteristics of various malignant cell lines collects tissue samples from several families with a known mutation in the TP53 tumor suppressor gene. Immunohistochemical testing performed on one of the cell samples stains positive for desmin. This sample was most likely obtained from which of the following neoplasms?
ASquamous cell carcinoma
BRhabdomyosarcoma
CProstate cancer
DEndometrial carcinoma
EMelanoma
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