The surgical equipment used during a craniectomy is sterilized using pressurized steam at 121°C for 15 minutes. Reuse of these instruments can cause transmission of which of the following pathogens?
ANon-enveloped viruses
BSporulating bacteria
CPrions
DEnveloped viruses
EYeasts
A medical technician is trying to isolate a pathogen from the sputum sample of a patient. The sample is heat fixed to a slide then covered with carbol fuchsin stain and heated again. After washing off the stain with clean water, the slide is covered with 1% sulfuric acid for decolorization. The sample is rinsed again and stained with methylene blue. Microscopic examination shows numerous red, branching filamentous organisms. Which of the following is the most likely isolated pathogen?
ACryptococcus neoformans
BTropheryma whipplei
CNocardia asteroides
DRickettsia rickettsii
EStaphylococcus aureus
A research group designed a study to investigate the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States. The investigators examined per capita income and rates of syphilis in New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston. Data on city-wide syphilis rates was provided by each city's health agency. The investigators ultimately found that the number of new cases of syphilis was higher in low-income neighborhoods. This study is best described as which of the following?
ADouble-blind clinical trial
BProspective cohort study
CCase-control study
DCase series
EEcological study
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