A 78-year-old man dies suddenly from complications of acute kidney failure. An autopsy is performed and microscopic evaluation of the kidneys shows pale, swollen cells in the proximal convoluted tubules. Microscopic evaluation of the liver shows similar findings. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of these findings?
ADouble-stranded DNA breakage
BImpaired Na+/K+-ATPase pump activity
CFree radical formation
DCytochrome C release
ECytoplasmic triglyceride accumulation
A 48-year-old female suffers a traumatic brain injury while skiing in a remote area. Upon her arrival to the ER, she is severely hypoxemic and not responsive to O2 therapy. She is started on a mechanical ventilator and 2 days later upon auscultation, you note late inspiratory crackles. Which of the following is most likely normal in this patient?
AAlveolar-arterial gradient
BLeft atrial pressure
CType II pneumocytes
DType I pneumocytes
EChest X-ray
A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being shot in the abdomen during a violent altercation. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 118/min and regular, and blood pressure is 88/65 mm Hg. Examination shows cool extremities. Abdominal examination shows a 2.5-cm entrance wound in the left upper quadrant at the midclavicular line, below the left costal margin. Focused ultrasound shows free fluid in the left upper quadrant. Which of the following sets of hemodynamic changes is most likely in this patient? Cardiac output (CO) | Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) | Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) | Central venous pressure (CVP)
A↑ ↓ ↓ ↓
B↓ ↓ ↑ ↑
C↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
D↓ ↓ ↑ ↓
E↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
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