A 65-year-old female with chronic renal failure presents with recent onset of bone pain. Serum analysis reveals decreased levels of calcium and elevated levels of parathyroid hormone. One of the mechanisms driving the elevated PTH is most similar to that seen in:
ADecreased functioning of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR)
BSarcoidosis
CParathyroid adenoma
DEnd stage liver failure
EInsufficient Ca intake
A 70-year-old woman presents to the office for a yearly physical. She states she has recently started experiencing pain in her legs and her back. Last year, she experienced a fracture of her left arm while trying to lift groceries. The patient states that she does not consume any dairy and does not go outside often because of the pain in her legs and back. Of note, she takes carbamazepine for seizures. On exam, her vitals are within normal limits. You suspect the patient might have osteomalacia. Testing for which of the following is the next best step to confirm your suspicion?
AVitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)
B25-hydroxyvitamin D
CPre-vitamin D3
D1,25-hydroxyvitamin D
E7-dehydrocholesterol
A 47-year-old African-American woman presents to her primary care physician for a general checkup appointment. She works as a middle school teacher and has a 25 pack-year smoking history. She has a body mass index (BMI) of 22 kg/m^2 and is a vegetarian. Her last menstrual period was 1 week ago. Her current medications include oral contraceptive pills. Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis in this patient?
ASmoking history
BRace
CEstrogen therapy
DAge
EBody mass index
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