A study is funded by the tobacco industry to examine the association between smoking and lung cancer. They design a study with a prospective cohort of 1,000 smokers between the ages of 20-30. The length of the study is five years. After the study period ends, they conclude that there is no relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Which of the following study features is the most likely reason for the failure of the study to note an association between tobacco use and cancer?
ALate-look bias
BLatency period
CConfounding
DEffect modification
EPygmalion effect
A pharmaceutical corporation has asked you to assist in the development of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the response of renal cell carcinoma to a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Despite all of the benefits that an RCT has to offer, which of the following would make an RCT unacceptable with regard to study design?
AProper treatment response is very common
BThe treatment is not widespread in use
CThe treatment does not represent the best known option
DThe treatment is expensive
EThe treatment has a known, adverse outcome
An investigator is measuring the blood calcium level in a sample of female cross country runners and a control group of sedentary females. If she would like to compare the means of the two groups, which statistical test should she use?
AChi-square test
BLinear regression
Ct-test
DANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
EF-test
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