A patient undergoes spinal surgery at the L4-L5 level. During the procedure, which of the following ligaments must be divided first to access the spinal canal?
ANuchal ligament
BAnterior longitudinal ligament
CSupraspinous ligament
DLigamentum flavum
A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician for decreased vision and worsening headaches since this morning. She has hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Pulse is 119/min and irregular. Current medications include ramipril and atorvastatin. Ocular and funduscopic examination shows no abnormalities. The findings of visual field testing are shown. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?
AOcclusion of the posterior cerebral artery
BOcclusion of anterior cerebral artery
CDegeneration of the macula
DOcclusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery
EImpaired perfusion of the retina
A researcher is studying the brains of patients who recently died from stroke-related causes. One specimen has a large thrombus in an area of the brain that is important in relaying many modalities of sensory information from the periphery to the sensory cortex. Which of the following embryologic structures gave rise to the part of the brain in question?
AMetencephalon
BDiencephalon
CMesencephalon
DTelencephalon
EMyelencephalon
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