A 60-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of a persistent cough for the last few months. His cough started gradually about a year ago, and it became more severe and persistent despite all his attempts to alleviate it. During the past year, he also noticed some weight loss and a decrease in his appetite. He also complains of progressive shortness of breath. He has a 40-pack-year smoking history but is a nonalcoholic. Physical examination findings are within normal limits. His chest X-ray shows a mass in the right lung. A chest CT shows a 5 cm mass with irregular borders near the lung hilum. A CT guided biopsy is planned. During the procedure, just after insertion of the needle, the patient starts to feel pain in his right shoulder. Which of the following nerves is responsible for his shoulder pain?
AThoracic spinal nerves
BPhrenic nerve
CVagus nerve
DPulmonary plexus
EIntercostal nerves
A 14-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of acute left-sided chest pain and dyspnea following a motor vehicle accident. His pulse is 122/min and blood pressure is 85/45 mm Hg. Physical examination shows distended neck veins and tracheal displacement to the right side. The left chest is hyperresonant to percussion and there are decreased breath sounds. This patient would most benefit from needle insertion at which of the following anatomical sites?
A5th left intercostal space along the midclavicular line
B8th left intercostal space along the posterior axillary line
C2nd left intercostal space along the midclavicular line
DSubxiphoid space in the left sternocostal margin
E5th left intercostal space along the midaxillary line
A 35-year-old woman volunteers for a study on respiratory physiology. Pressure probes A and B are placed as follows: Probe A: between the parietal and visceral pleura Probe B: within the cavity of an alveolus The probes provide a pressure reading relative to atmospheric pressure. To obtain a baseline reading, she is asked to sit comfortably and breathe normally. Which of the following sets of values will most likely be seen at the end of inspiration?
AProbe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: 0 mm Hg
BProbe A: 0 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg
CProbe A: -4 mm Hg; Probe B: 0 mm Hg
DProbe A: -4 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg
EProbe A: -6 mm Hg; Probe B: -1 mm Hg
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