A 21-year-old G3P2 woman presents to her obstetrician at 6 weeks gestation for routine prenatal care. Her past medical history includes obesity and gestational diabetes. She has had two spontaneous vaginal deliveries at term. One infant was macrosomic with hypoglycemia, but otherwise, she has had no complications. Her physician informs her that she must start taking a multivitamin with folic acid daily. The defect that folic acid supplementation protects against arises in tissue that is derived from which germ cell layer?
AMesoderm
BNotochord
CEndoderm
DMesenchyme
EEctoderm
A 29-year-old primigravid woman at 18 weeks’ gestation comes to the physician for her first prenatal visit. She works as a paralegal and lives with her husband. Her current pregnancy was unexpected, and she did not take any prenatal medications or supplements. Physical examination shows a uterus 2 inches above the umbilicus. The concentration of α-fetoprotein in the maternal serum and concentrations of both α-fetoprotein and acetylcholinesterase in the amniotic fluid are elevated. Ultrasonography of the uterus shows an increased amniotic fluid volume. The fetus most likely has which of the following conditions?
AAnencephaly
BHoloprosencephaly
CSpina bifida occulta
DMyelomeningocele
ELissencephaly
A 25-year-old female comes to her obstetrician’s office for a prenatal visit. She has a transvaginal ultrasound that correlates with her last menstrual period and dates her pregnancy at 4 weeks. She has no complaints except some nausea during the morning that is improving. She comments that she has had some strange food cravings, but has no issues with eating a balanced diet. Her BMI is 23 kg/m^2 and she has gained 1 pound since the start of her pregnancy. She is curious about her pregnancy and asks the physician what her child is now able to do. Which of the following developments is expected of the fetus during this embryological phase?
AFormation of male genitalia
BClosure of the neural tube
CMovement of limbs
DCreation of the notochord
ECardiac activity visible on ultrasound
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