Sacral dermatomes and myotomesDownloads

A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of a bulge in his scrotum that has enlarged over the past several months. He is found to have a right-sided inguinal hernia and undergoes elective hernia repair. At his first follow-up visit, he complains of a tingling sensation on his scrotum. Which of the following nerve roots communicates with the injured tissues?

A 59-year-old woman presents to the emergency room with severe low back pain. She reports pain radiating down her left leg into her left foot. She also reports intermittent severe lower back spasms. The pain started after lifting multiple heavy boxes at her work as a grocery store clerk. She denies bowel or bladder dysfunction. Her past medical history is notable for osteoporosis and endometrial cancer. She underwent a hysterectomy 20 years earlier. She takes alendronate. Her temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 135/85 mmHg, pulse is 85/min, and respirations are 22/min. Her BMI is 21 kg/m^2. On exam, she is unable to bend over due to pain. Her movements are slowed to prevent exacerbating her muscle spasms. A straight leg raise elicits severe radiating pain into her left lower extremity. The patient reports that the pain is worst along the posterior thigh and posterolateral leg into the fourth and fifth toes. Palpation along the lumbar vertebral spines demonstrates mild tenderness. Patellar reflexes are 2+ bilaterally. The Achilles reflex is decreased on the left. Which nerve root is most likely affected in this patient?