During an examination of the cranial nerves, a patient shows inability to move their eye laterally past the midline. Which of the following structures in the cavernous sinus is most likely affected?
AOculomotor nerve
BTrochlear nerve
COphthalmic nerve
DAbducens nerve
A 32-year-old woman is brought to your office by her husband. The husband says that she had been acting strange lately. She has been forgetful, and she sometimes becomes angered for no reason, which is highly unusual for her. She has also been having random, uncontrollable movements, which are also new. On examination, she appears withdrawn and flat. On further questioning, she reveals that her father died at age 45 from a movement disorder. Which of the following is the pathological hallmark of the patient's condition?
ALipohyalinosis
BLoss of neurons in the caudate nucleus and putamen
CSubstantia nigra pars compacta
DAlpha-synuclein intracellular inclusions
EBeta-amyloid plaques
A 58-year-old woman presents with vision loss in her right eye. She noticed the visual changes the morning of presentation and has never experienced this visual disturbance before. Her medical history is significant for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and type II diabetes mellitus. She is currently on lisinopril, lovastatin, and metformin. She has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the last 25 years and also is a social drinker. On physical exam, her lids and lashes appear normal and there is no conjunctival injection. Both pupils are equal, round, and reactive to light; however, when the penlight is swung from the left eye to the right eye, there is bilateral pupillary dilation. The nerve that is most likely defective in this patient relays information to which of the following?
AOculomotor nucleus
BEdinger-Westphal nucleus
CMedial geniculate nucleus
DLateral geniculate nucleus
EVentral posteromedial nucleus
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