A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of a bulge in his scrotum that has enlarged over the past several months. He is found to have a right-sided inguinal hernia and undergoes elective hernia repair. At his first follow-up visit, he complains of a tingling sensation on his scrotum. Which of the following nerve roots communicates with the injured tissues?
AS1-S3
BL1-L2
CS2-S4
DL4-L5
EL2-L3
A 74-year-old gentleman presents to his family practitioner with the complaint of an inability to open his left eye since this morning. He also complains of intermittent pain and numbness in his left arm that has been present for the last few days. He denies ocular pain, difficulty swallowing, fatigability, or diplopia. His symptoms remain constant without fluctuation. He has a history of diabetes mellitus type 2, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Further history reveals that he has lost 5.4 kg (12 lb) of weight in the past 4 months. He is a chronic smoker with a 72 pack-year smoking history. His blood pressure is 142/76 mm Hg, the heart rate is 76/min, the respiratory rate is 12/min, the temperature is 36.8°C (98.4°F), and BMI is the 18.2 kg/m2. The patient is awake, alert, and oriented to person, place, and time. He has partial drooping of the left eyelid while the right eyelid appears normal. The left pupil is 1 mm and the right pupil is 3 mm in diameter. Extraocular muscle movements are normal. What additional clinical feature would most likely be present in this patient?
AFacial asymmetry
BUrinary retention
CIpsilateral loss of touch sensations on the face
DTongue deviation to the left side
ELoss of hemifacial sweating
A 56-year-old man with a significant past medical history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia is brought to the emergency department by his wife. The wife states the symptoms started 1 hour ago when she noticed that he was having difficulty swallowing his breakfast and that his voice was hoarse. The patient had a recent admission for a transient ischemic attack but was not compliant with his discharge instructions and medication. Examination of the eye shows left-sided partial ptosis and miosis along with diplopia and nystagmus. During the examination, it is noted that the right side of the face and body has markedly more sweating than the left side. An MRI of the brain reveals an ischemic infarct at the level of the left lateral medulla. Which of the following most likely accounts for this patient’s symptoms?
APostganglionic sympathetic lesion
BInjury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia
C3rd-order neuron lesion
DDenervation of the descending sympathetic tract
EPreganglionic lesion at the lateral gray horn
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