A mother brings her 3-year-old son to the doctor because she is worried that he might be harming himself by constantly banging his head on the wall. He has been exhibiting this behavior for a few months. She is also worried because he has started to speak less than he used to and does not respond when his name is called. He seems aloof during playtime with other children and seems to have lost interest in most of his toys. What is the most likely diagnosis?
AAutism spectrum disorder
BAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder
CGeneralized anxiety disorder
DBipolar disorder
EObsessive-compulsive disorder
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of repetitive, involuntary blinking, shrugging, and grunting for the past year. His mother states that his symptoms improve when he is physically active, while tiredness, boredom, and stress aggravate them. He has felt increasingly embarrassed by his symptoms in school, and his grades have been dropping from average levels. He has met all his developmental milestones. Vital signs are within normal limits. Mental status examination shows intact higher mental functioning and thought processes. Excessive blinking, grunting, and jerking of the shoulders and neck occur while at rest. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. This patient's condition is most likely associated with which of the following findings?
AFeelings of persistent sadness and loss of interest
BDefiant and hostile behavior toward teachers and parents
CRecurrent episodes of intense fear
DChorea and hyperreflexia
EExcessive impulsivity and inattention
A 14-year-old boy is brought in to the clinic by his parents for weird behavior for the past 4 months. The father reports that since the passing of his son's pet rabbit about 5 months ago, his son has been counting during meals. It could take up to 2 hours for him to finish a meal as he would cut up all his food and arrange it in a certain way. After asking the parents to leave the room, you inquire about the reason for these behaviors. He believes that another family member is going to die a “terrible death” if he doesn’t eat his meals in multiples of 5. He understands that this is unreasonable but just can’t bring himself to stop. Which of the following abnormality is this patient's condition most likely associated with?
AAtrophy of the hippocampus
BAtrophy of the frontotemporal lobes
CEnlargement of the ventricles
DDecreased level of serotonin
EIncreased activity of the caudate
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