A 66-year-old man with congestive heart failure presents to the emergency department complaining of worsening shortness of breath. These symptoms have worsened over the last 3 days. He has a blood pressure of 126/85 mm Hg and heart rate of 82/min. Physical examination is notable for bibasilar crackles. A chest X-ray reveals bilateral pulmonary edema. His current medications include metoprolol succinate and captopril. You wish to add an additional medication targeted towards his symptoms. Of the following, which statement is correct regarding loop diuretics?
ALoop diuretics can cause metabolic acidosis
BLoop diuretics can cause ammonia toxicity
CLoop diuretics can cause hyperlipidemia
DLoop diuretics decrease sodium, magnesium, and chloride but increase calcium
ELoop diuretics inhibit the action of the Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporter
Which transport mechanism is primarily responsible for calcium reabsorption in the proximal tubule?
AParacellular transport
BFacilitated diffusion
CActive transport
DAntiport with sodium
An investigator is studying physiologic renal responses to common medical conditions. She measures urine osmolalities in different parts of the nephron of a human subject in the emergency department. The following values are obtained: Portion of nephron Osmolality (mOsmol/kg) Proximal convoluted tubule 300 Loop of Henle, descending limb 1200 Loop of Henle, ascending limb 250 Distal convoluted tubule 100 Collecting duct 1200 These values were most likely obtained from an individual with which of the following condition?
AGitelman syndrome
BPsychogenic polydipsia
CFurosemide overdose
DDehydration
EDiabetes insipidus
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