A 28-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of intense thirst and frequent urination for the past 2 weeks. She says that she constantly feels the urge to drink water and is also going to the bathroom to urinate frequently throughout the day and multiple times at night. She was most recently hospitalized 1 month prior to presentation following a motor vehicle accident in which she suffered severe impact to her head. The physician obtains laboratory tests, with the results shown below: Serum: Na+: 149 mEq/L Cl-: 103 mEq/L K+: 3.5 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 105 mg/dL Urine Osm: 250 mOsm/kg The patient’s condition is most likely caused by inadequate hormone secretion from which of the following locations?
AAdrenal cortex
BAnterior pituitary
CPreoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus
DSuprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
EPosterior pituitary
What is the primary mechanism for maintaining constant cerebral blood flow despite changes in systemic blood pressure?
AEndothelial factors
BBaroreceptor reflex
CMyogenic autoregulation
DMetabolic control
A 47-year-old man with bipolar I disorder and hypertension comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of increased thirst, urinary frequency, and sleep disturbance. He says that he now drinks up to 30 cups of water daily. He has smoked 2 packs of cigarettes daily for the past 20 years. Examination shows decreased skin turgor. Serum studies show a sodium concentration of 149 mEq/L, a potassium concentration of 4.1 mEq/L, and an elevated antidiuretic hormone concentration. His urine osmolality is 121 mOsm/kg H2O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings?
ATumor in the adrenal cortex
BAdverse effect of a medication
CParaneoplastic production of a hormone
DPolydipsia caused by acute psychosis
ETumor of the pituitary gland
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