A 75 year-old gentleman presents to his general practitioner. He is currently being treated for hypertension and is on a multi-drug regimen. His current blood pressure is 180/100. The physician would like to begin treatment with minoxidil or hydralazine. Which of the following side effects is associated with administration of these drugs?
APersistent cough
BCyanosis in extremities
CFetal renal toxicity
DSystemic volume loss
EReflex tachycardia
An investigator is studying patients with acute decompensated congestive heart failure. He takes measurements of a hormone released from atrial myocytes, as well as serial measurements of left atrial and left ventricular pressures. The investigator observes a positive correlation between left atrial pressures and the serum level of this hormone. Which of the following is most likely the mechanism of action of this hormone?
AIncreases potassium excretion at the collecting ducts
BConstricts afferent renal arteriole
CDecreases sodium reabsorption at the collecting tubules
DDecreases reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal convoluted tubules
EIncreases free water reabsorption from the distal tubules
A 70-year-old male presents to his primary care provider complaining of decreased sexual function. He reports that over the past several years, he has noted a gradual decline in his ability to sustain an erection. He used to wake up with erections but no longer does. His past medical history is notable for diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a prior myocardial infarction. He takes metformin, glyburide, aspirin, and atorvastatin. He drinks 2-3 drinks per week and has a 25 pack-year smoking history. He has been happily married for 40 years. He retired from his job as a construction worker 5 years ago and has been enjoying retirement with his wife. His physician recommends starting a medication that is also used in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension. Which of the following is a downstream effect of this medication?
AIncrease cGMP degradation
BIncrease cAMP production
CIncrease PDE5 activity
DDecrease nitric oxide production
EDecrease cGMP degradation
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