A 23-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of palpitations, dizziness, and substernal chest pain for three hours. The day prior, he was at a friend’s wedding, where he consumed seven glasses of wine. The patient appears diaphoretic. His pulse is 220/min and blood pressure is 120/84 mm Hg. Based on the patient's findings on electrocardiography, the physician diagnoses atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response and administers verapamil for rate control. Ten minutes later, the patient is unresponsive and loses consciousness. Despite resuscitative efforts, the patient dies. Histopathologic examination of the heart at autopsy shows an accessory atrioventricular conduction pathway. Electrocardiography prior to the onset of this patient's symptoms would most likely have shown which of the following findings?
AEpsilon wave following the QRS complex
BProlongation of the QT interval
CCyclic alteration of the QRS axis
DSlurred upstroke of the QRS complex
EPositive Sokolow-Lyon index
The medical student on the pediatric cardiology team is examining a 9-year-old girl who was referred by her primary care physician for unexplained hypertension. She is accompanied by her mother who reveals that the child is generally well but has been significantly less active than her peers for the past year. On exam, the medical student notes a thin girl in no apparent distress appearing slightly younger than stated age. Vital signs reveal a BP is 160/80, HR 80, RR 16. Physical exam is notable only for a clicking sound is noted around the time of systole but otherwise the cardiac exam is normal. Pedal pulses could not be palpated. Which of the following physical exam findings was most likely missed by both the medical student and primary care physician?
ALong philtrum
BProminent occiput
CWebbed neck
DCleft palate
ESingle palmar crease
A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for a 5-month history of progressive bilateral ankle swelling and shortness of breath on exertion. He can no longer walk up the stairs to his bedroom without taking a break. He also constantly feels tired during the day. His wife reports that he snores at night and that he sometimes chokes in his sleep. The patient has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 25 years. He has a history of hypertension treated with enalapril. His pulse is 72/min, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 145/95 mmHg. There is jugular venous distention. The lungs are clear to auscultation bilaterally. The extremities are warm and well perfused. There is 2+ lower extremity edema bilaterally. ECG shows right axis deviation. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's condition?
AAlveolar destruction
BIschemic heart disease
CLeft ventricular hypertrophy
DChronic hypoxia
EChronic kidney damage
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