A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 45 minutes after being involved in a motor vehicle collision. He is agitated. He has pain in his upper right arm, which he is cradling in his left arm. His temperature is 36.7°C (98°F), pulse is 135/min, respirations are 25/min, and blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg. His breathing is shallow. Pulse oximetry on 100% oxygen via a non-rebreather face mask shows an oxygen saturation of 83%. He is confused and oriented only to person. Examination shows multiple bruises on the right anterior thoracic wall. The pupils are equal and reactive to light. On inspiration, his right chest wall demonstrates paradoxical inward movement while his left chest wall is expanding. There is pain to palpation and crepitus over his right anterior ribs. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the chest is shown. Two large-bore IVs are placed. After fluid resuscitation and analgesia, which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
ABedside thoracotomy
BSurgical fixation of right third to sixth ribs
CIntubation with positive pressure ventilation
DPlacement of a chest tube
ECT scan of the chest
A 15-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department one hour after sustaining an injury during football practice. He collided head-on into another player while wearing a mouthguard and helmet. Immediately after the collision he was confused but able to use appropriate words. He opened his eyes spontaneously and followed commands. There was no loss of consciousness. He also had a headache with dizziness and nausea. He is no longer confused upon arrival. He feels well. Vital signs are within normal limits. He is fully alert and oriented. His speech is organized and he is able to perform tasks demonstrating full attention, memory, and balance. Neurological examination shows no abnormalities. There is mild tenderness to palpation over the crown of his head but no signs of skin break or fracture. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step?
ADischarge without activity restrictions
BDischarge and refrain from all physical activity for one week
CObserve for 6 hours in the ED and refrain from contact sports for one week
DAdminister prophylactic levetiracetam and observe for 24 hours
EAdminister prophylactic phenytoin and observe for 24 hours
A 7-year-old boy presents to the pediatric emergency department for knee pain. The child fell while riding his skateboard yesterday. He claims that ever since then he has had swelling and knee pain that is severe. His parents state that he has trouble walking due to the pain. The child has a past medical history of seasonal allergies and asthma. His current medications include loratadine, albuterol, and fluticasone. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 95/48 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, you note a young boy laying on the stretcher in pain. Cardiopulmonary exam is within normal limits. Inspection of the patient's left knee reveals an erythematous knee that is tender and warm to the touch. Passive movement of the knee elicits pain. The patient refuses to walk so you are unable to assess his gait. Which of the following is the best initial step in management?
AESR, CRP, and CBC
BArthrocentesis
CCT scan
DAntibiotics
ESupportive therapy and further physical exam
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