A 32-year-old woman presents with a 3-month history of intermittent blurred vision and problems walking. The patient states that she often feels “pins and needles” in her legs that cause her problems when she’s walking. The patient is afebrile, and her vital signs are within normal limits. An autoimmune disorder is suspected. Which of the following findings would most likely be present in this patient?
ADamaged myelin sheath and myelin-producing cells
BAbsence of interneurons
CDestruction of blood-brain barrier
DDegeneration of anterior horn cells
EDecreased cerebrospinal fluid due to destruction of cells
A 29-year-old woman presents with progressive vision loss in her right eye and periorbital pain for 5 days. She says that she has also noticed weakness, numbness, and tingling in her left leg. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Neurological examination shows gait imbalance, positive Babinski reflexes, bilateral spasticity, and exaggerated deep tendon reflexes in the lower extremities bilaterally. FLAIR MRI is obtained and is shown in the image. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient’s condition?
AAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis
BMultiple sclerosis
CAcute disseminated encephalomyelitis
DLead intoxication
ECerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL)
An 80-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her 2 daughters for worsening memory loss. They report that their mother is increasingly forgetful about recent conversations and events. She is unable to remember her appointments and commitments she has made. 3 years ago, the patient was moved into an elder care facility because she was often getting lost on her way home and forgetting to take her medications. The patient reports that she is very socially active at her new home and has long conversations with the other residents about her adventures as an air hostess during her youth. Which of the following cerebral pathologies is most likely present in this patient?
ALewy bodies
BLacunar infarcts
CIntracytoplasmic vacuoles
DNeurofibrillary tangles
EDemyelination
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