A 33-year-old woman comes to the physician 1 week after noticing a lump in her right breast. Fifteen years ago, she was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of her left distal femur. Her father died of an adrenocortical carcinoma at the age of 41 years. Examination shows a 2-cm, firm, immobile mass in the lower outer quadrant of the right breast. A core needle biopsy of the mass shows adenocarcinoma. Genetic analysis in this patient is most likely to show a defect in which of the following genes?
ABRCA1
BKRAS
CTP53
DRb
EPTEN
A scientist is researching the long term effects of the hepatitis viruses on hepatic tissue. She finds that certain strains are oncogenic and increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. However, they appear to do so via different mechanisms. Which of the following answer choices correctly pairs the hepatitis virus with the correct oncogenic process?
AHepatitis A virus - chronic inflammation
BHepatitis C virus - chronic inflammation
CHepatitis E virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome
DHepatitis B virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome
EHepatitis A virus - integration of viral DNA into host hepatocyte genome
A 58-year-old male undergoes a surveillance colonoscopy in which a 2 cm adenoma is identified and removed. Had this adenoma not been excised, the patient would have been at risk of progression to carcinoma. Which of the following is the final mutational step in the progression from adenoma to carcinoma?
Ap53 inactivation
BAPC mutation
CCOX-2 overexpression
DSMAD 2/4 loss
EK-ras mutation
+ 7 more in the PDF
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