Edema mechanismsDownloads

A 41-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of fatigue, worsening abdominal discomfort, and progressive swelling of his legs for 3 months. The swelling is worse in the evenings. His only medication is ibuprofen for occasional joint pain. The patient does not smoke and drinks 2–3 beers each weekend. His temperature is 36°C (96.8°F), pulse is 88/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Pulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Abdominal examination shows a mildly distended abdomen with shifting dullness. The liver is palpated 2–3 cm below the right costal margin. When pressure is applied to the right upper quadrant, the patient's jugular veins become visibly distended for 15 seconds. The 2nd and 3rd metacarpophalangeal joints of both hands are tender to palpation. There is 2+ edema in the lower extremities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's edema?

A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a 2-month history of worsening fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion. While he used to be able to walk 4–5 blocks at a time, he now has to pause every 2 blocks. He also reports waking up from having to urinate at least once every night for the past 5 months. Recently, he has started using 2 pillows to avoid waking up coughing with acute shortness of breath at night. He has a history of hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. His medications include daily amlodipine and prazosin, but he reports having trouble adhering to his medication regimen. His pulse is 72/min, blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg, and respiratory rate is 20/min. Physical examination shows 2+ bilateral pitting edema of the lower legs. Auscultation shows an S4 gallop and fine bibasilar rales. Further evaluation is most likely to show which of the following pathophysiologic changes in this patient?