An 8-year old boy is brought to the emergency department because he has been lethargic and has had several episodes of nausea and vomiting for the past day. He has also had increased thirst over the past two months. He has lost 5.4 kg (11.9 lbs) during this time. He is otherwise healthy and has no history of serious illness. His temperature is 37.5 °C (99.5 °F), blood pressure is 95/68 mm Hg, pulse is 110/min, and respirations are 30/min. He is somnolent and slightly confused. His mucous membranes are dry. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 16.2 g/dL Leukocyte count 9,500/mm3 Platelet count 380,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 130 mEq/L K+ 5.5 mEq/L Cl- 99 mEq/L HCO3- 16 mEq/L Creatinine 1.2 mg/dL Glucose 570 mg/dL Ketones positive Blood gases, arterial pH 7.25 pCO2 21 mm Hg Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?
AIntravenous hydration with 0.45% normal saline and insulin
BIntravenous hydration with 5% dextrose solution and 0.45% normal saline
CIntravenous sodium bicarbonate
DIntravenous hydration with 0.9% normal saline and insulin
EIntravenous hydration with 0.9% normal saline and potassium chloride
A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with his family because of abdominal pain, excessive urination, and drowsiness since the day before. He has had type 1 diabetes mellitus for 2 years. He ran out of insulin 2 days ago. The vital signs at admission include: temperature 36.8°C (98.2°F), blood pressure 102/69 mm Hg, and pulse 121/min. On physical examination, he is lethargic and his breathing is rapid and deep. There is a mild generalized abdominal tenderness without rebound tenderness or guarding. His serum glucose is 480 mg/dL. Arterial blood gas of this patient will most likely show which of the following?
A↑ pH, ↑ bicarbonate, and normal pCO2
B↓ pH, ↓ bicarbonate and ↑ anion gap
C↑ pH, normal bicarbonate and ↓ pCO2
D↓ pH, ↓ bicarbonate and normal anion gap
E↓ pH, normal bicarbonate and ↑ pCO2
A 20-year-old male is brought by ambulance to the emergency room in extremis. He is minimally conscious, hypotensive, and tachypneic, and his breath gives off a "fruity" odor. An arterial blood gas and metabolic panel show anion gap metabolic acidosis. This patient is most likely deficient in which of the following metabolic actions?
AGlucagon production
BCortisol secretion
CFormation of ketone bodies
DGlucose production
ECellular uptake of glucose
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