A 23-year-old man comes to his primary care provider after having severe abdominal cramping and diarrhea beginning the previous night. He denies any fevers or vomiting. Of note, he reports that he works in a nursing home and that several residents of the nursing home exhibited similar symptoms this morning. On exam, his temperature is 99.7°F (37.6°C), blood pressure is 116/80 mmHg, pulse is 88/min, and respirations are 13/min. His stool is cultured on blood agar and it is notable for a double zone of hemolysis. Which of the following organisms is the most likely cause?
AClostridium difficile
BListeria monocytogenes
CClostridium perfringens
DEnterococcus faecalis
EStreptococcus pneumoniae
A 19-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. The patient reports left shoulder pain that worsens with deep inspiration. Medical history is significant for a recent diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 80/55 mmHg, pulse is 115/min, and respiratory rate is 22/min. On physical exam, there is abdominal guarding, abdominal tenderness in the left upper quadrant, and rebound tenderness. The patient’s mucous membranes are dry and skin turgor is reduced. Which of the following most likely represents the acute changes in renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in this patient?
ANo change in RPF and decreased GFR
BDecreased RPF and decreased GFR
CNo change in RPF and increased GFR
DDecreased RPF and no change in GFR
ENo change in RPF and GFR
A 33-year-old man presents to the emergency department because of an episode of bloody emesis. He has had increasing dyspnea over the past 2 days. He was diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease last year. He has been on regular hemodialysis for the past 2 years because of end-stage renal disease. He skipped his last dialysis session because of an unexpected business trip. He has no history of liver disease. His supine blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg and upright is 90/70, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 22/min, and temperature is 36.2°C (97.2°F). The distal extremities are cold to touch, and the outstretched hand shows flapping tremor. A bloody nasogastric lavage is also noted, which eventually clears after saline irrigation. Intravenous isotonic saline and high-dose proton pump inhibitors are initiated, and the patient is admitted into the intensive care unit. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?
AObservation in the intensive care unit
BDouble-balloon tamponade
CHemodialysis
DTransfusion of packed red blood cells
EEsophagogastroduodenoscopy
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