A 32-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of pain accompanied by a feeling of heaviness in his scrotum. He is otherwise healthy except for a broken arm he obtained while skiing several years ago. Physical exam reveals an enlarged “bag of worms” upon palpation of the painful scrotal region. Shining a light over this area shows that the scrotum does not transilluminate. Which of the following statements is true about the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?
AEqually common on both sides
BMore common on left due to drainage into renal vein
CMore common on right due to drainage into renal vein
DMore common on right due to drainage into inferior vena cava
EMore common on left due to drainage into inferior vena cava
A 57-year-old male is found to have an elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level on screening labwork. PSA may be elevated in prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), or prostatitis. Which of the following best describes the physiologic function of PSA?
ARegulation of transcription factors and phosphorylation of proteins
BMaintains corpus luteum
CResponse to peritoneal irritation
DSperm production
ELiquefaction of semen
A 68-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of a bulge in his scrotum that has enlarged over the past several months. He is found to have a right-sided inguinal hernia and undergoes elective hernia repair. At his first follow-up visit, he complains of a tingling sensation on his scrotum. Which of the following nerve roots communicates with the injured tissues?
AS1-S3
BL1-L2
CS2-S4
DL4-L5
EL2-L3
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