A 10-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 2-day history of fever and productive cough. He has had similar episodes sporadically in the past with frequent episodes of thick, discolored nasal discharge. Physical examination shows diffuse crackles and rhonchi. The most likely cause of recurrent infections in this patient is a dysfunction of which of the following cell types?
AType I pneumocytes
BClub cells
CAlveolar macrophages
DType II pneumocytes
ECiliated columnar cells
A baby is born after the 32nd gestational week by cesarean delivery. The mother suffered from gestational diabetes; however, she had no other pregnancy-related diseases and was otherwise healthy. The baby has a blood pressure of 100/58 mm Hg, heart rate of 104/min, and oxygen saturation of 88%. The child has tachypnea, subcostal and intercostal retractions, nasal flaring, and cyanosis. The cyanosis is responding well to initial administration of oxygen. The nasogastric tube was positioned without problems. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
ATracheoesophageal fistula
BPneumonia
CNeonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS)
DSepsis
ECongenital heart anomaly with right-to-left shunt
In which of the following pathological states would the oxygen content of the trachea resemble the oxygen content in the affected alveoli?
AEmphysema
BExercise
CPulmonary embolism
DPulmonary fibrosis
EForeign body obstruction distal to the trachea
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