A 13-year-old girl is referred to an oral surgeon after complaining of tooth pain, especially in the upper jaw. A review of her medical history reveals status post-surgical repair of a patent ductus arteriosus when she was 6 years old. At the clinic, her temperature is 37.0ºC (98.6°F), pulse is 90/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 110/78 mm Hg. On physical examination, her height is 157.5 cm (5 ft 2 in), her weight is 50 kg (110 lb) and her arms seem disproportionately long for her trunk. She also has arachnodactyly and moderate joint laxity. Intraoral examination reveals crowded teeth and a high arched palate. Which of the following protein is most likely defective in this condition?
Aα2-laminin (merosin)
BFibrillin-1
CCaveolin and the sarcoglycan proteins
DLamin A
EEmerin
Cardiac muscle serves many necessary functions, leading to a specific structure that serves these functions. The structure highlighted is an important histology component of cardiac muscle. What would be the outcome if this structure diffusely failed to function?
AFailure of potassium channels to appropriately open to repolarize the cell
BFailure of propagation of the action potential from the conduction system
CIneffective excitation-contraction coupling due to insufficient calcium ions
DInappropriate formation of cardiac valve leaflets
EOutflow tract obstruction
An investigator is studying cellular repair mechanisms in various tissues. One of the samples being reviewed is from the anterior horn of the spinal cord of a patient who was involved in a snowboard accident. Pathologic examination of the biopsy specimen shows dispersion of the Nissl bodies, swelling of the neuronal body, and a displacement of the nucleus to the periphery in numerous cells. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the observed findings?
ANeurodegenerative changes
BNeuronal aging
CCentral chromatolysis
DReactive astrogliosis
EWallerian degeneration
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