A 32-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of pain accompanied by a feeling of heaviness in his scrotum. He is otherwise healthy except for a broken arm he obtained while skiing several years ago. Physical exam reveals an enlarged “bag of worms” upon palpation of the painful scrotal region. Shining a light over this area shows that the scrotum does not transilluminate. Which of the following statements is true about the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?
AEqually common on both sides
BMore common on left due to drainage into renal vein
CMore common on right due to drainage into renal vein
DMore common on right due to drainage into inferior vena cava
EMore common on left due to drainage into inferior vena cava
A group of scientists developed a mouse model to study nondisjunction in meiosis. Their mouse model produced gametes in the following ratio: 2 gametes with 24 chromosomes each and 2 gametes with 22 chromosomes each. In which of the following steps of meiosis did the nondisjunction occur?
ATelophase I
BMetaphase II
CAnaphase I
DAnaphase II
EMetaphase I
At postpartum physical examination, a newborn is found to have male external genitalia. Scrotal examination shows a single palpable testicle in the right hemiscrotum. Ultrasound of the abdomen and pelvis shows an undescended left testis, seminal vesicles, uterus, and fallopian tubes. Chromosomal analysis shows a 46, XY karyotype. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely to be found in this newborn? Legend: Normal = normal levels, ↑ = increased levels, ↓ = decreased levels SRY-gene activity | Müllerian inhibitory factor (MIF) | Testosterone | Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)
ANormal normal normal ↓
B↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
CNormal ↓ normal normal
D↓ ↓ normal normal
ENormal normal ↑ ↑
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