An otherwise asymptomatic child was found to have hypertension. On further evaluation, his urine analysis revealed 2-3 pus cells/HPF and 2-4 RBCs. Which of the following would be the most likely diagnosis?
AIdiopathic RPGN
BPost-Streptococal GN
CIgA nephropathy
DChronic Reflux-Associated Pyelonephritis (Reflux Nephropathy)
What is the first-line intervention for acute symptomatic hydroureter with ureteral obstruction requiring urgent decompression?
AAntibiotic prophylaxis alone
BImmediate ureterolithotomy
CEndoscopic ureteral stenting
DUrinary alkalization
A 2-year-old boy presents with a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, poor urinary stream, and failure to thrive. A voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is performed, and the images provided show dilated posterior urethra and a thickened bladder wall with a keyhole appearance. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of posterior urethral valves (PUV) is made. What is the management for this condition?
AAntibiotic prophylaxis and monitoring
BEndoscopic valve ablation
CSuprapubic cystostomy
DObservation with follow-up imaging
EUrinary diversion with vesicostomy
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