What is the primary mechanism by which digoxin improves symptoms in heart failure?
AInhibits Na+/K+ ATPase
BIncreases intracellular calcium levels
CIncreases heart rate
DDecreases heart rate
Which of the following would cause an immediate reduction in the amount of potassium leaking out of a cell?
AHyperpolarizing the membrane potential
BReducing the activity of the sodium-potassium pump
CDecreasing the extracellular potassium concentration
DIncreasing the permeability of the membrane to potassium
What is the PRIMARY mechanism by which the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger functions in cardiac muscle cells?
ANa+-Ca2+ exchanger requires ATP directly
BNa+-Ca2+ exchanger acts to remove Ca2+ from heart muscle cells
CThe Na+-Ca2+ exchanger operates in reverse mode during normal cardiac contraction
DThe Na+-Ca2+ exchanger primarily moves Ca2+ into cardiac muscle cells during systole
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