A study of nosocomial infections involving urinary catheters is performed. The study shows that the longer an indwelling urinary catheter remains, the higher the rate of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs). Most of these infections are bacterial. Which of the following properties of these bacteria increase the risk for nosocomial UTIs?
AEnzyme elaboration
BBiofilm formation
CQuorum sensing
DExotoxin release
In a patient of the nephrotic syndrome with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, which one of the following micro-organisms is most commonly involved?
AProteus
BPneumococcus
CEscherichia
DStaphylococcus
What is the PRIMARY evidence-based intervention for preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs)?
AUse of face mask during catheter insertion
BProphylactic antibiotics are effective
CEarly catheter removal when clinically appropriate
DClosed drainage technique to minimize bacterial entry
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