RAAS — MCQs

A 33-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider for a normal check-up. She reports she has been feeling intermittently fatigued over the past 3 months, but she attributes it to her work as a corporate lawyer and balancing family life. She is otherwise healthy and takes no medications. She was adopted and has no information about her biological family. She has 2 children and has been married for 7 years. She drinks 4-5 glasses of wine per week and does not smoke. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 125/65 mmHg, pulse is 78/min, and respirations are 18/min. On exam, she is well-appearing and in no acute distress. A complete blood count is within normal limits. Additional workup is shown below: Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 99 mEq/L K+: 3.9 mEq/L HCO3-: 23 mEq/L BUN: 18 mg/dL Glucose: 110 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 11.1 mg/dL Parathyroid hormone: 700 pg/mL Urine: Na+: 100 mEq/L/24h Ca2+: 100 mg/24h Osmolality: 400 mOsmol/kg H2O Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's condition?

A couple brings their 1-year-old child to a medical office for a follow-up evaluation of his small, empty scrotum. The scrotum has been empty since birth and the physician asked them to follow up with a pediatrician. There are no other complaints. The immunization history is up to date and his growth and development have been excellent. On examination, he is a playful, active child with a left, non-reducible, non-tender inguinal mass, an empty and poorly rugated hemiscrotal sac, and a testis within the right hemiscrotal sac. Which of the following hormones would likely be deficient in this patient by puberty if the condition is left untreated?

A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician for a pre-employment examination. Her current medications include an oral contraceptive and a daily multivitamin. Physical examination is unremarkable. Serum studies show calcium of 11.8 mg/dL, phosphorus of 2.3 mg/dL, and parathyroid hormone level of 615 pg/mL. A 24-hour urine collection shows a low urinary calcium level. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient’s laboratory findings?

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system yields a significant physiological effect on renal blood flow and filtration. Which of the following is most likely to occur in response to increased levels of Angiotensin-II?

A 41-year-old female complains of frequent diarrhea and abdominal pain between meals. Endoscopy reveals a duodenal ulcer distal to the duodenal bulb. CT scan of the abdomen demonstrates a pancreatic mass, and subsequent tissue biopsy of the pancreas reveals a malignant islet cell tumor. Which of the following hormones is likely to be markedly elevated in this patient:

A 16-year-old male presents to his pediatrician concerned that he is not maturing like his friends. He has a history of cleft palate status-post multiple surgeries and asthma treated with budesonide and albuterol. He is a good student and is very active on his school’s gymnastics team. His mother is also concerned that her son does not understand good personal hygiene. She reports that he always forgets to put on deodorant. When asked about this, he says he does not notice any body odor on himself or others. His temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 105/70 mmHg, pulse is 70/min, and respirations are 18/min. His height and weight are in the 20th and 25th percentiles, respectively. On physical examination, his penis and testicles show no evidence of enlargement. He has no pubic or axillary hair. Which of the following sets of hormone levels is most likely to be found in this patient?

A 55-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of worsening fatigue and dyspnea. She has felt short-of-breath when walking up the stairs to her apartment. Menopause occurred 5 years ago. Her medications are methotrexate and folic acid supplementation. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor, tenderness of bilateral wrists and knees, and ulnar deviation of the fingers. Her hematocrit is 27%, mean corpuscular volume is 84 μm3, and serum ferritin is 375 ng/mL. Which of the following has most likely contributed to the patient's current symptoms?

A 42-year-old woman presents with fatigue. She says that her symptoms have gradually onset after she recently had a total thyroidectomy due to Graves' disease. Past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. The patient is afebrile, and her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for the following: Potassium 4.2 mEq/L Calcium 7.8 mg/dL Chloride 102 mEq/L Vitamin D3 8 ng/mL (ref range: 25–80 ng/mL) A deficiency of which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

A 57-year-old man is rushed to the emergency department by ambulance after being found on the floor gasping for air with severe shortness of breath by his partner. Past medical history is significant for congestive heart failure, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. He normally takes chlorthalidone, atorvastatin, metoprolol, and valsartan, but he recently lost his job and insurance and has not been able to afford his medication in 2 months. Upon arrival at the hospital, his blood pressure is 85/50 mm Hg, heart rate is 110/min, respiratory rate is 24/min, oxygen saturation 90% on 100% oxygen, and temperature is 37.7°C (99.9°F). On physical exam, he appears obese and can only answer questions in short gasps as he struggles to breathe. His heart rate is tachycardic with a mildly irregular rhythm and auscultation of his lungs reveal crackles in the lower lobes, bilaterally. Which of the following physiologic changes is currently seen in this patient?

A 58-year-old Caucasian woman visits her primary care physician for an annual check-up. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 3A chronic kidney disease. Her estimated glomerular filtration rate has not changed since her last visit. Today, her parathyroid levels are moderately elevated. She lives at home with her husband and 2 children and works as a bank clerk. Her vitals are normal, and her physical examination is unremarkable. Which of the following explains this new finding?