Cardiovascular — MCQs

A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of fatigue, difficulty falling asleep, and night sweats for the past 6 months. Over the past year, her menstrual cycle has become irregular and her last menstrual period was 2 months ago. She quit smoking 2 years ago. Pelvic exam shows vulvovaginal atrophy. A pregnancy test is negative. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in this patient's condition?

An 18-year-old female presents to the clinic complaining of acute abdominal pain for the past couple of hours. The pain is concentrated at the right lower quadrant (RLQ) with no clear precipitating factor and is worse with movement. Acetaminophen seems to help a little but she is concerned as the pain has occurred monthly for the past 3 months. She denies any headache, chest pain, weight changes, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, fever, or sexual activity. The patient reports a regular menstruation cycle with her last period being 2 weeks ago. A physical examination demonstrates a RLQ that is tender to palpation with a negative psoas sign. A urine beta-hCG test is negative. An ultrasound of the abdomen is unremarkable. What is the main function of the hormone that is primarily responsible for this patient’s symptoms?

An investigator is studying gastric secretions in human volunteers. Measurements of gastric activity are recorded after electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. Which of the following sets of changes is most likely to occur after vagus nerve stimulation? $$$ Somatostatin secretion %%% Gastrin secretion %%% Gastric pH $$$

A 20-year-old woman reports to student health complaining of 5 days of viral symptoms including sneezing and a runny nose. She started coughing 2 days ago and is seeking cough medication. She additionally mentions that she developed a fever 2 days ago, but this has resolved. On exam, her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 118/76 mmHg, pulse is 86/min, and respirations are 12/min. Changes in the activity of warm-sensitive neurons in which part of her hypothalamus likely contributed to the development and resolution of her fever?

You are conducting a lab experiment on skeletal muscle tissue to examine force in different settings. The skeletal muscle tissue is hanging down from a hook. The experiment has 3 different phases. In the first phase, you compress the muscle tissue upwards, making it shorter. In the second phase, you attach a weight of 2.3 kg (5 lb) to its lower vertical end. In the third phase, you do not manipulate the muscle length at all. At the end of the study, you see that the tension is higher in the second phase than in the first one. What is the mechanism underlying this result?

A 56-year-old woman visits her family physician accompanied by her son. She has recently immigrated to Canada and does not speak English. Her son tells the physician that he is worried that his mother gets a lot of sugar in her diet and does not often monitor her glucose levels. Her previous lab work shows a HbA1c value of 8.7%. On examination, her blood pressure is 130/87 mm Hg and weight is 102 kg (224.9 lb). Which of the following is the correct location of where the glucose transport is most likely affected in this patient?

A 15-year-old boy is undergoing the bodily changes associated with puberty. He is concerned that he easily develops a foul skin odor, even with mild exercise. Which of the following glandular structures is the causative agent for this foul skin odor?

Three days after admission to the intensive care unit for septic shock and bacteremia from a urinary tract infection, a 34-year-old woman has persistent hypotension. Her blood cultures were positive for Escherichia coli, for which she has been receiving appropriate antibiotics since admission. She has no history of serious illness. She does not use illicit drugs. Current medications include norepinephrine, ceftriaxone, and acetaminophen. She appears well. Her temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), heart rate 96/min, and blood pressure is 85/55 mm Hg. Examination of the back shows costovertebral tenderness bilaterally. Examination of the thyroid gland shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hospital day 1 Hospital day 3 Leukocyte count 18,500/mm3 10,300/mm3 Hemoglobin 14.1 g/dL 13.4 g/dL Serum Creatinine 1.4 mg/dL 0.9 mg/dL Fasting glucose 95 mg/dL 100 mg/dL TSH 1.8 μU/mL T3, free 0.1 ng/dL (N: 0.3–0.7 ng/dL) T4, free 0.9 ng/dL (N: 0.5–1.8 ng/dL) Repeat blood cultures are negative. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's laboratory abnormalities?

A previously healthy 39-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a slowly enlarging, painless neck mass that she first noticed 3 months ago. During this period, she has also experienced intermittent palpitations, hair loss, and a weight loss of 4.5 kg (10 lb). There is no personal or family history of serious illness. She appears anxious and fidgety. Her temperature is 37.1°C (98.8°F), pulse is 101/min and irregular, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. Physical examination shows a firm, nontender left anterior cervical nodule that moves with swallowing. Laboratory studies show: TSH 0.4 μU/mL T4 13.2 μg/dL T3 196 ng/dL Ultrasonography confirms the presence of a 3-cm solid left thyroid nodule. A thyroid 123I radionuclide scintigraphy scan shows increased uptake in a nodule in the left lobe of the thyroid gland with suppression of the remainder of the thyroid tissue. Which of the following is the most likely underlying mechanism of this patient's condition?

A 28-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a general checkup. The patient is a healthy young man with no significant past medical history. He is a MD/PhD student and lives in New York City. He exercises frequently and is doing very well in school. He is currently sexually active with multiple female partners and does not use protection. His temperature is 98.9°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 147/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Physical exam is notable for a very muscular young man. The patient has comedonal acne and palpable breast tissue. Testicular exam reveals small and symmetrical testicles. Which of the following laboratory changes is most likely to be found in this patient?