Autonomic/CV Drugs — MCQs

A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her friend because of a 1-hour episode of confusion. Earlier that night, they were at a dance club, and the patient was very energetic and euphoric. Thirty minutes after arriving, she became agitated and nauseous. She no longer seemed to know where she was or how she got there, and she began talking to herself. She has no major medical illness. She is an undergraduate student at a local college. She does not smoke but drinks 10–14 mixed drinks each week. Her temperature is 38.3°C (100.9°F), pulse is 115/min and regular, respirations are 16/min, and blood pressure is 138/84 mm Hg. She oriented to self but not to time or place. Throughout the examination, she grinds her teeth. Her pupils are 7 mm in diameter and minimally reactive. Her skin is diffusely flushed and diaphoretic. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. Serum studies show: Na+ 129 mEq/L K+ 3.7 mEq/L HCO3- 22 mEq/L Creatinine 1.2 mg/dL Glucose 81 mg/dL Which of the following substances is the most likely cause of this patient's presentation?

A 30-year-old woman presents complaining of shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. The patient complains of dyspnea upon exertion, generalized fatigue, lethargy, and chest pain associated with strenuous activities. Her history is notable for an atrial septal defect at birth. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 147/98 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On exam, she has a wide, fixed splitting of S2. Which of the following medications most directly treats the underlying pathophysiology causing this patient's presentation?

Please refer to the summary above to answer this question Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy? Patient Information Age: 30 years Gender: F, self-identified Ethnicity: unspecified Site of Care: office History Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: "I'm so anxious about work." History of Present Illness: 7-month history of sensation that her heart is racing whenever she gives oral presentations at work she has also had moderate axillary sweating during these presentations and feels more anxious and embarrassed when this happens feels otherwise fine when she is interacting with her colleagues more casually around the workplace Past Medical History: alcohol use disorder, now abstinent for the past 2 years acute appendicitis, treated with appendectomy 5 years ago verrucae planae Medications: disulfiram, folic acid, topical salicylic acid Allergies: no known drug allergies Psychosocial History: does not smoke, drink alcohol, or use illicit drugs Physical Examination Temp Pulse Resp BP O2 Sat Ht Wt BMI 36.7°C (98°F) 82/min 18/min 115/72 mm Hg – 171 cm (5 ft 7 in) 58 kg (128 lb) 20 kg/m2 Appearance: no acute distress Pulmonary: clear to auscultation Cardiac: regular rate and rhythm; normal S1 and S2; no murmurs Abdominal: has well-healed laparotomy port scars; no tenderness, guarding, masses, bruits, or hepatosplenomegaly Extremities: no tenderness to palpation, stiffness, or swelling of the joints; no edema Skin: warm and dry; there are several skin-colored, flat-topped papules on the dorsal bilateral hands Neurologic: alert and oriented; cranial nerves grossly intact; no focal neurologic deficits Psychiatric: describes her mood as "okay"; speech has a rapid rate but normal rhythm; thought process is organized

A 70-year-old man is brought to the emergency department unconscious after a fall. He appears pale and is pulseless. A 12-lead EKG reveals wide, monomorphic sawtooth-like QRS complexes. He undergoes synchronized cardioversion three times at increasing voltage with no effect. Epinephrine is administered with minimal effect. Which drug will minimize his risk of developing multifocal ventricular tachycardia?

A 27-year-old P1G1 who has had minimal prenatal care delivers a newborn female infant. Exam reveals a dusky child who appears to be in distress. Her neck veins are distended and you note an enlarged v wave. She has a holosystolic murmur. Following echocardiogram, immediate surgery is recommended. For which of the following conditions was the mother likely receiving treatment during pregnancy?

A 50-year-old woman presents to the ED 6 hours after ingesting three bottles of baby aspirin. She complains of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and tinnitus. Her blood pressure is 135/80 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 32/min, temperature is 100.1 deg F (37.8 deg C), and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Arterial blood gas at room air shows, PCO2 11 mmHg, and PO2 129 mmHg. Blood salicylate level is 55 mg/dL. Management should involve which of the following acid-base principles?

A 72-year-old man of Asian descent seeks evaluation at your medical office and is frustrated about the frequency he wakes up at night to urinate. He comments that he has stopped drinking liquids at night, but the symptoms have progressively worsened. The physical examination is unremarkable, except for an enlarged, symmetric prostate free of nodules. Which of the following should you prescribe based on the main factor that contributes to the underlying pathogenesis?

An endocrinologist is working with a pharmaceutical research company on a new drug for diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). In their experimental studies, they isolated a component from Gila monster saliva, which was found to have > 50% homology with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1). During the animal studies, the experimental drug was found to have no GLP1 agonist effect. Instead, it irreversibly binds DPP-IV with a higher affinity than GLP1. Which of the following drugs has a similar mechanism of action to this new experimental drug?

A 34-year-old woman presents with acute onset loss of vision and visual disturbances. She says that, several hours ago, her vision began to get dim, and she sees halos around light sources. This was immediately followed by a severe frontal headache. Past medical history is significant for epilepsy. The patient says her anticonvulsant medication was changed recently but she doesn’t remember the name. Slit-lamp examination reveals mild chemosis, injection, and ciliary flush with diffuse stromal haze, along with very shallow peripheral anterior chambers with areas of iridocorneal touch in both eyes. Gonioscopy showed closed angles bilaterally. Which of the following antiepileptic drugs is most likely responsible for this patient’s condition?

An 85-year-old man presents with the reappearance of his Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms over the last few months. He says he has been treated with various drugs over the last 20 years, but that currently his symptoms worsen as he nears the time for his next dose of medication. His movements have been slower lately and it’s difficult to initiate voluntary movements. His past medical history is significant for hypertension. He was diagnosed 10 years ago and was well-managed on medication. His current medications are levodopa/carbidopa, rasagiline, aspirin, and captopril. The vital signs include: pulse 70/min, respiratory rate 15/min, blood pressure 130/76 mm Hg, and temperature 36.7°C (98.1°F). Physical examination reveals the expected ‘pill-rolling’ resting tremor, which is alleviated by movement. Increased tone of arm muscles and resistance to passive movement at the joints is noted. When asked to walk across the room, he has difficulty taking the 1st step and has a stooped posture and takes short, shuffling, rapid steps. Laboratory studies show: Serum glucose (fasting) 97 mg/dL Sodium 141 mEq/L Potassium 4.0 mEq/L Chloride 100 mEq/L Cholesterol (total) 190 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 42 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 70 mg/dL Triglycerides 184 mg/dL The patient is started on a drug that increases the efficacy of his current anti-PD medication. Which of the following is most likely the drug that was added to this patient’s current regimen?