Autonomic/CV Drugs — MCQs

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother for a follow-up examination. He has persistent bedwetting. Over the past year, his parents have attempted various methods to prevent him from wetting his bed, including fluid restriction in the evenings, sticker rewards, and bedwetting alarms, with no improvement. The patient wets his bed 2–3 times a week. He does not have problems going to the bathroom during the day. The physician prescribes an oral medication that successfully controls his symptoms. The most likely effect of this drug on the principal cells of the kidney is increased activity of which of the following?

A 19-year-old African American male with a history of bipolar I disorder presents to the psychiatrist for a follow-up visit. During the session, the patient explains that for the past 2 months he has felt significantly fatigued and constipated. He is always complaining of feeling cold and has gained several pounds although his diet has not changed. A blood sample was sent for analysis, revealing the following: TSH - 6 mIU/L (nl = 0.4-4.0 mIU/L), free T4 - 0.4 ng/dL (nl = 0.7-1.9 ng/dL), and serum T4 - 2.1 mcg/dL (nl = 4.6-12 mcg/dL). Which of the following is responsible for these abnormalities?

A 14-year-old girl is brought by her parents to the physician because of recurrent episodes of shortness of breath and nonproductive cough over the past 3 months. She has had two episodes per week, which have resolved spontaneously with rest. Once a month, she wakes up at night with shortness of breath. Spirometry shows an FVC of 95% and an FEV1 of 85% of predicted. Treatment with inhaled budesonide-formoterol as needed is begun. Two weeks later, she is brought to the physician with acute onset of dyspnea and wheezing. Her pulse is 95/min and respirations are 32/min. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy?

An 18-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his girlfriend because of a pruritic rash on his penis that has been present for the past hour. The rash developed shortly after the patient had protected sexual intercourse with his girlfriend for the first time. His girlfriend does not have any symptoms. Five days ago, the patient visited a friend who was complaining of intense pruritus on her elbows, wrists, groin, and axillae. The friend subsequently underwent treatment that required her to wash her bedding, clothing, and towels in hot water. Two years ago, the patient developed an itchy rash around his mouth after blowing up balloons at a birthday party. He is breathing comfortably. Vitals signs are within normal limits. Examination shows multiple well-circumscribed, raised, erythematous plaques with mild excoriations that extend from the base to the glans of the penis. The remainder of the examination shows no abnormalities. Administration of which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 2-week history of frequent episodes of unresponsiveness. During these episodes, he stares blankly, rhythmically nods his head, and does not respond to verbal stimulation for several seconds. Hyperventilation for 30 seconds precipitates an episode of unresponsiveness and head nodding that lasts for 7 seconds. He regains consciousness immediately afterward. An electroencephalogram shows 3-Hz spikes and waves. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of the most appropriate pharmacotherapy for this patient's condition?

Drug A is an experimental compound being investigated for potential use as a protectant against venous thrombosis. Binding assays reveal that the drug’s primary mechanism of action is to block carboxylation of glutamic acid residues in certain serum proteins. Drug A is most similar to which of the following:

An 11-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician for a wellness checkup. The child is an immigrant, and this is his first visit. The patient is in the 99th percentile for height and 50th percentile for weight. The child is struggling in school, and basic cognitive testing suggests he is moderately mentally disabled. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 107/68 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 17/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Laboratory values are obtained and shown below. Hemoglobin: 9 g/dL Hematocrit: 30% MCV: 110 fL Leukocyte count: 5,500/mm^3 with normal differential Platelet count: 192,000/mm^3 Serum: Na+: 140 mEq/L Cl-: 101 mEq/L K+: 4.4 mEq/L HCO3-: 24 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 90 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.0 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.0 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L The patient is started on vitamin B9 and B12. Which of the following interventions could decrease the risk for cardiac complications the most in this patient?

Seven days after undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty, a 65-year-old man comes to the physician with a dark discoloration and blisters on his abdomen. Current medications include simvastatin, aspirin, and low molecular weight heparin. His vital signs are within normal limits. Examination of the skin shows multiple coalescing blisters with areas of necrosis around the umbilicus. Laboratory studies show a platelet count of 32,000/mm3. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this patient's symptoms?

A 62-year-old man is referred to neurology by his primary care physician. He is accompanied by his wife. The patient reports having a resting tremor in his left hand for over a year and some “stiffness” in his left arm. His wife notes that he has started to walk "funny" as well. He has a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia. He takes aspirin, amlodipine, and rosuvastatin. On physical examination, you notice a repetitive circular movement of his left index finger and thumb that resolves with active movement of the hand. Passive motion of the left upper extremity is partially limited by rigidity. Gait is slow and shuffling. The patient is prescribed the most effective treatment for his disorder. Which of the following is the mechanism of a second drug given to prevent adverse effects of this therapy?

An 83-year-old man with advanced-stage prostate cancer comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of worsening lower back and hip pain. The patient's analgesic regimen includes oxycodone, ibuprofen, and alendronic acid. Physical examination shows localized tenderness over the lumbar spine and right hip. His current pain management requires opioid dose escalation. Which of the following opioid side effects is most likely to remain unaffected by the mechanism underlying this patient's need for a higher drug dose?