Antihypertensives — MCQs

A 36-year-old male is brought to the emergency department for severe chest pain and vomiting. He reports sudden onset 10/10 pain concentrated along his lower chest/epigastric region that radiates to his back for the past 3 hours. He denies any precipitating event, alcohol use, exertion, biliary colic, or family history of coronary artery disease. Medical history is significant for hypertension for which he recently started taking a “water pill.” Electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrates normal sinus rhythm, and troponins are negative. Additional laboratory findings are shown below: Serum: Na+: 138 mEq/L K+: 3.9 mEq/L Cl-: 101 mEq/L Ca2+: 8.5 mg/dL Total cholesterol: 210 mg/dL (Normal: < 200 mg/dL) Triglycerides: 1,528 mg/dL (Normal: < 150 mg/dL) CRP: 28 mg/dL (Normal: < 3 mg/dL) Amylase: 582 U/L (Normal: 23-85 U/L) Lipase: 1,415 U/L (Normal: 0-160 U/L) What is the best medication for this patient in the long-term following initial stabilization?

A 49-year-old man is diagnosed with hypertension. He has asthma. The creatinine and potassium levels are both slightly elevated. Which of the following anti-hypertensive drugs would be appropriate in his case?

A 55-year-old man comes to the physician because of episodic retrosternal chest pain and shortness of breath for the past 6 months. His symptoms occur when he takes long walks or climbs stairs but resolve promptly with rest. He has a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, for which he takes ipratropium bromide. His pulse is 81/min and blood pressure is 153/82 mm Hg. Physical examination shows mild expiratory wheezing over both lungs. Additional treatment with a beta blocker is considered. Which of the following agents should be avoided in this patient?

A 53-year-old man with hyperlipidemia comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. His home medications include acetaminophen and atorvastatin. Serum studies show elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. A drug that activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha is added to his existing therapy. This patient is at highest risk for developing which of the following drug-related adverse effects?

A 51-year-old man presents to the urgent care center with a blood pressure of 201/111 mm Hg. He is complaining of a severe headache and chest pain. Physical examination reveals regular heart sounds and clear bilateral lung sounds. Ischemic changes are noted on his electrocardiogram (ECG). What is the most appropriate treatment for this patient’s high blood pressure?

A 67-year-old woman presents to her physician for a regular checkup. She is a community-dwelling, retired teacher without any smoking history. She has arterial hypertension and takes hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg and valsartan 80 mg daily. She was recently discharged from the hospital after admission for an ulnar fracture she received after a fall from the second step of a ladder in her garden. A year ago, she had a clavicular fracture from tripping over some large rocks in her yard. She does not report lightheadedness or fainting. Her medical history is also significant for an appendectomy 11 years ago. She is in menopause. She mostly consumes vegetables and dairy products. Her height is 163 cm (5 ft 4 in) and weight is 55 kg (123 lb). Her blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg without orthostatic changes, heart rate is 73/min and regular, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 36.6°C (97.9°F). Her lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac auscultation reveals S2 accentuation over the aorta. The abdomen is mildly distended on palpation; there are no identifiable masses. The neurological examination is unremarkable. Considering the history and presentation, which of the following medications most likely will be prescribed to this patient after additional investigations?

A 64-year-old African American female comes to the physician's office for a routine check-up. The patient's past medical history is significant for hypertension, diabetes, and osteoarthritis in her right knee. Her medications include metformin, glimepiride, lisinopril, metoprolol, hydrochlorothiazide, and ibuprofen as needed. Her only complaint is an unremitting cough that started about 3 weeks ago and she has noticed some swelling around her mouth. The drug most likely responsible for her recent symptoms causes its primary renal hemodynamic effect on which part of the kidney?

A 68-year-old man presents for his first hemodialysis treatment. He was diagnosed with progressive chronic kidney disease 6 years ago that has now resulted in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). He currently is on a waiting list for a kidney transplant. His past medical history is significant for hypertension and peptic ulcer disease, managed with amlodipine and esomeprazole, respectively. He has diligently followed a severely restricted diet. The patient is afebrile and his vital signs are normal. His latest serum creatinine gives him an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 12 mL/min/1.73 m2. Which of the following should be increased as part of the management of this patient?

A 54-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after presenting with elevated blood pressures on both arms at a routine visit 1 month ago. He feels well and takes no medications. He is 178 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 99 kg (218 lb); BMI is 31 kg/m2. His pulse is 76/min, and blood pressure is 148/85 mm Hg on the right arm and 152/87 mm Hg on the left arm. Physical examination and laboratory studies show no abnormalities. The physician recommends lifestyle modifications in combination with treatment with hydrochlorothiazide. From which of the following embryological tissues does the site of action of this drug arise?

A 33-year-old male presents to his primary care physician with complaints of headaches and muscle weakness. His physical exam is entirely within normal limits except for a blood pressure of 150/95. Subsequent routine blood lab work showed a sodium level of 146 and potassium level of 3.0. What is the best pharmacological therapy for this patient?