Antihypertensives — MCQs

A 63-year-old man with high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and diabetes presents to the clinic for routine follow-up. He has no current complaints and has been compliant with his chronic medications. His blood pressure is 132/87 mm Hg and his pulse is 75/min and regular. On physical examination, you notice that he has xanthelasmas on both of his eyelids. He currently uses a statin to lower his LDL but has not reached the LDL goal you have set for him. You would like to add an additional medication for LDL control. Of the following, which statement regarding fibrates is true?

A 30-year-old man comes to the physician after receiving a high blood pressure reading of 160/90 mm Hg at an annual employee health check-up. During the past few months, the patient has had occasional headaches and mild abdominal pain, both of which were relieved with ibuprofen. He has also had several episodes of heart palpitations. He has no history of serious illness. His mother and father both have hypertension. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for the past 10 years and drinks one glass of wine daily. He occasionally smokes marijuana. He appears pale. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 103/min, and blood pressure is 164/102 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 15.3 g/dL Leukocyte count 7,900/mm3 Platelet count 223,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 138 mEq/L K+ 4.6 mEq/L Cl- 103 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 14 mg/dL Glucose 90 mg/dL Creatinine 0.9 mg/dL Plasma metanephrines 1.2 nmol/L (N < 0.5 nmol/L) Urine toxicology screening is positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Renal doppler shows no abnormalities. A CT scan of the abdomen shows a mass in the left adrenal gland. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?

A 44-year-old woman presents with increased thirst and frequent urination that started 6 months ago and have progressively worsened. Recently, she also notes occasional edema of the face. She has no significant past medical history or current medications. The patient is afebrile and the rest of the vital signs include: blood pressure is 120/80 mm Hg, heart rate is 61/min, respiratory rate is 14/min, and temperature is 36.6°C (97.8°F). The BMI is 35.2 kg/m2. On physical exam, there is 2+ pitting edema of the lower extremities and 1+ edema in the face. There is generalized increased deposition of adipose tissue present that is worse in the posterior neck, upper back, and shoulders. There is hyperpigmentation of the axilla and inguinal areas. The laboratory tests show the following findings: Blood Erythrocyte count 4.1 million/mm3 Hgb 12.9 mg/dL Leukocyte count 7,200/mm3 Platelet count 167,000/mm3 Fasting blood glucose 141 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) Creatinine 1.23 mg/dL (108.7 µmol/L) Urea nitrogen 19 mg/dL (6.78 mmol/L) Urine dipstick Glucose +++ Protein ++ Bacteria Negative The 24-hour urine protein is 0.36 g. Which of the following medications is the best treatment for this patient’s condition?

A 61-year-old obese man with recently diagnosed hypertension returns to his primary care provider for a follow-up appointment and blood pressure check. He reports feeling well with no changes since starting his new blood pressure medication 1 week ago. His past medical history is noncontributory. Besides his blood pressure medication, he takes atorvastatin and a daily multivitamin. The patient reports a 25-pack-year smoking history and is a social drinker on weekends. Today his physical exam is normal. Vital signs and laboratory results are provided in the table. Laboratory test 2 weeks ago Today Blood pressure 159/87 mm Hg Blood pressure 164/90 mm Hg Heart rate 90/min Heart rate 92/min Sodium 140 mE/L Sodium 142 mE/L Potassium 3.1 mE/L Potassium 4.3 mE/L Chloride 105 mE/L Chloride 103 mE/L Carbon dioxide 23 mE/L Carbon dioxide 22 mE/L BUN 15 mg/dL BUN 22 mg/dL Creatinine 0.80 mg/dL Creatinine 1.8 mg/dL Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) shows a bilateral narrowing of renal arteries. Which of the following is most likely this patient's new medication that caused his acute renal failure?

A 68-year-old man with hypertension comes to the physician because of fatigue and difficulty initiating urination. He wakes up several times a night to urinate. He does not take any medications. His blood pressure is 166/82 mm Hg. Digital rectal examination shows a firm, non-tender, and uniformly enlarged prostate. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?

A 65-year-old African-American man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after presenting with elevated blood pressure readings during his last visit. He has no history of major medical illness and takes no medications. He is 180 cm (5 ft 9 in) tall and weighs 68 kg (150 lb); BMI is 22 kg/m2. His pulse is 80/min and blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial pharmacotherapy for this patient?

An 11-year-old boy presents to his pediatrician with muscle cramps and fatigue that have progressively worsened over the past year. His mom says that he has always had occasional symptoms including abdominal pain, muscle weakness, and mild paresthesias; however, since starting middle school these symptoms have started interfering with his daily activities. In addition, the boy complains that he has been needing to use the restroom a lot, which is annoying since he has to ask for permission to leave class every time. Labs are obtained showing hypokalemia, hypochloremia, metabolic alkalosis, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalciuria. The most likely cause of this patient's symptoms involves a protein that binds which of the following drugs?

A 66-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with lower extremity pain. She reports that she has had worsening pain in her left calf over the past year while walking. The pain improves with rest, but the patient notes that she now has to stop walking more frequently than in the past to relieve the pain. The patient’s past medical history is otherwise notable for hypertension and coronary artery disease. Her home medications include hydrochlorothiazide and lisinopril. Her family history is significant for diabetes mellitus in her father. On physical exam, her left lower extremity is slightly cool to the touch with palpable distal pulses. The skin of the left lower extremity appears smooth and shiny below the mid-calf. Laboratory testing is performed and reveals the following: Serum: High-density lipoprotein (HDL): 60 mg/dL Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): 96 mg/dL Triglycerides: 140 mg/dL This patient should be started on which of the following medication regimens?

A 53-year-old man seeks evaluation from his physician with concerns about his blood pressure. He was recently told at a local health fair that he has high blood pressure. He has not seen a physician since leaving college because he never felt the need for medical attention. Although he feels fine, he is concerned because his father had hypertension and died due to a heart attack at 61 years of age. He does not smoke cigarettes but drinks alcohol occasionally. The blood pressure is 150/90 mm Hg today. The physical examination is unremarkable. Labs are ordered and he is asked to monitor his blood pressure at home before the follow-up visit. Two weeks later, the blood pressure is 140/90 mm Hg. The blood pressure measurements at home ranged from 130/90 to 155/95 mm Hg. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is normal. Lab tests show the following: Serum glucose (fasting) 88 mg/dL Serum electrolytes: Sodium 142 mEq/L Potassium 3.9 mEq/L Chloride 101 mEq/L Serum creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Blood urea nitrogen 10 mg/dL Cholesterol, total 250 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 35 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 186 mg/dL Triglycerides 250 mg/dL Urinalysis: Glucose negative Ketones negative Leucocytes negative Nitrite negative RBC negative Casts negative Regular exercise and a 'heart healthy diet' are advised. He is started on lisinopril for hypertension. Which of the following medications should be added to this patient?

A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care provider with increased urinary frequency. Over the past 3 months, he has been urinating 2-3 times more often than usual. He has started to feel dehydrated and has increased his water intake to compensate. He works as a bank teller. He has a 25-pack-year smoking history and drinks 8-10 beers per week. His temperature is 98°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 114/68 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, and respirations are 18/min. Capillary refill is 3 seconds. His mucous membranes appear dry. The patient is instructed to hold all water intake. Urine specific gravity is 1.002 after 12 hours of water deprivation. The patient is given desmopressin but his urine specific gravity remains relatively unchanged. Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacologic treatment for this patient's condition?