Obesity in children — MCQs

A 14-year-old girl is brought to the physician because she frequently experiences cramping and pain in her legs during school sports. She is at the 10th percentile for height. Her blood pressure is 155/90 mm Hg. Examination shows a high-arched palate with maloccluded teeth and a low posterior hairline. The patient has a broad chest with widely spaced nipples. Pelvic examination shows normal external female genitalia with scant pubic hair. Without appropriate treatment, this patient is at the greatest risk of developing which of the following complications?

A 7-day-old male infant presents to the pediatrician for weight loss. There is no history of excessive crying, irritability, lethargy, or feeding difficulty. The parents deny any history of fast breathing, bluish discoloration of lips/nails, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, or seizures. He was born at full term by vaginal delivery without any perinatal complications and his birth weight was 3.6 kg (8 lb). Since birth he has been exclusively breastfed and passes urine six to eight times a day. His physical examination, including vital signs, is completely normal. His weight is 3.3 kg (7.3 lb); length and head circumference are normal for his age and sex. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of the infant?

A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of behavioral problems. His mother says that he has frequent angry outbursts and gets into fights with his classmates. He constantly complains of feeling hungry, even after eating a full meal. He has no siblings, and both of his parents are healthy. He is at the 25th percentile for height and is above the 95th percentile for weight. Physical examination shows central obesity, undescended testes, almond-shaped eyes, and a thin upper lip. Which of the following genetic changes is most likely associated with this patient's condition?

A 5-year-old boy presents to the pediatrician for a well child visit. He is meeting his developmental milestones and is in the 15th percentile for height and 70th percentile for weight. His parents report that he complains of fatiguing easily and having trouble participating in sports. They are concerned he is not getting enough sleep and state that sometimes they hear him snore. The patient has a past medical history of a supracondylar fracture of the humerus, which was appropriately treated. He is doing well in school but is sometimes bullied for being small. The patient eats a balanced diet of milk, fruit, and some vegetables. His parents have been trying to get him to drink more milk so he can grow taller. His temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), blood pressure is 90/48 mmHg, pulse is 100/min, respirations are 19/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. On physical exam, the patient appears well. HEENT exam is notable for conjunctival pallor and a unilateral clear middle ear effusion. Cardiac exam reveals a benign flow murmur. Pulmonary exam is clear to auscultation bilaterally. The patient's gait is stable and he is able to jump up and down. A full set of labs are ordered as requested by the parents including a serum vitamin D level, B12 level, and IGF level. A selection of these lab values are seen below. Serum: Na+: 139 mEq/L Cl-: 100 mEq/L K+: 4.3 mEq/L HCO3-: 25 mEq/L BUN: 20 mg/dL Glucose: 99 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.1 mg/dL Ca2+: 9.9 mg/dL AST: 12 U/L ALT: 10 U/L Which of the following would you expect to find in this patient?

A 17-year-old girl is brought into the physician's office with complaints of nausea, vomiting, headache, and blurry vision. In preparation for final exams the patient's mother started her on an array of supplements and herbal preparations given the "viral illness" that is prevalent at her school. Despite these remedies, the girl has been feeling perpetually worse, and yesterday during cheerleading practice had to sit out after vomiting and feeling dizzy. The patient admits to falling during one of the exercises and hitting her head on another girl's shin due to her dizziness. When asked to clarify her dizziness, the patient states that she feels rather lightheaded at times. The patient's BMI is 19 kg/m^2. She endorses diarrhea of recent onset, and some non-specific, diffuse pruritus of her skin which she attributes to stress from her finals. The patient has a past medical history of anxiety, depression, and excessive exercise habits. On physical exam the patient is alert and oriented to place, person, and time, and answers questions appropriately. She denies any decreased ability to participate in school or to focus. Her skin is dry and peeling with a minor yellow discoloration. Her memory is intact at 1 minute and 5 minutes for 3 objects. The patient's pupils are equal and reactive to light and there are no abnormalities upon examination of cranial nerve III, IV or VI. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has generalized fatigue and has had difficulties doing her household duties for the past 3 months. She has eczema and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She has a history of using intravenous methamphetamine in her youth but has not used illicit drugs in 23 years. Her medications include topical clobetasol and pantoprazole. She is 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall and weighs 105 kg (231 lb); BMI is 42 kg/m2. Her temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), pulse is 95/min, and blood pressure is 145/90 mm Hg. The lungs are clear to auscultation. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. Pelvic examination shows a normal vagina and cervix. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 13.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 7,800/mm3 Platelet count 312,000/mm3 Serum Na+ 141 mEq/L K+ 4.6 mEq/L Cl- 98 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 12 mg/dL Fasting glucose 110 mg/dL Creatinine 0.8 mg/dL Total cholesterol 269 mg/dL HDL-cholesterol 55 mg/dL LDL-cholesterol 160 mg/dL Triglycerides 320 mg/dL Urinalysis is within normal limits. An x-ray of the chest shows no abnormalities. She has not lost any weight over the past year despite following supervised weight loss programs, including various diets and exercise regimens. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management of this patient?

A 52-year-old Caucasian man with hypertension comes to the physician because of frequent urination and increased thirst. He drinks 4 oz of alcohol daily and has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years. He is 180 cm (5 ft 10 in) tall and weighs 106 kg (233 lb); BMI is 33 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg. Laboratory studies show a hemoglobin A1c of 8.5%. Which of the following is the most likely predisposing factor for this patient's condition?

A six-year-old male presents to the pediatrician for a well child visit. The patient’s parents report that they are struggling to manage his temper tantrums, which happen as frequently as several times per day. They usually occur in the morning before school and during mealtimes, when his parents try to limit how much he eats. The patient often returns for second or third helpings at meals and snacks throughout the day. The patient’s parents have begun limiting the patient’s food intake because he has been gaining weight. They also report that the patient recently began first grade but still struggles with counting objects and naming letters consistently. The patient sat without support at 11 months of age and walked at 17 months of age. He is in the 99th percentile for weight and 5th percentile for height. On physical exam, he has almond-shaped eyes and a downturned mouth. He has poor muscle tone. Which of the following additional findings would most likely be seen in this patient?

A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of a cough and mild shortness of breath for the past 12 hours. He has not had fever. He has been to the emergency department 4 times during the past 6 months for treatment of asthma exacerbations. His 9-month-old sister was treated for bronchiolitis a week ago. His father has allergic rhinitis. Current medications include an albuterol inhaler and a formoterol-fluticasone inhaler. He appears in mild distress. His temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), pulse is 101/min, respirations are 28/min, and blood pressure is 86/60 mm Hg. Examination shows mild intercostal and subcostal retractions. Pulmonary examination shows decreased breath sounds and mild expiratory wheezing throughout the right lung field. Cardiac examination shows no abnormalities. An x-ray of the chest shows hyperlucency of the right lung field with decreased pulmonary markings. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

An 8-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her parents with severe difficulty in breathing for an hour. She is struggling to breathe. She was playing outside with her friends, when she suddenly fell to the ground, out of breath. She was diagnosed with asthma one year before and has since been on treatment for it. At present, she is sitting leaning forward with severe retractions of the intercostal muscles. She is unable to lie down. Her parents mentioned that she has already taken several puffs of her inhaler since this episode began but without response. On physical examination, her lungs are hyperresonant to percussion and there is decreased air entry in both of her lungs. Her vital signs show: blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, respirations 22/min, and a peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) of 50%. She is having difficulty in communicating with the physician. Her blood is sent for evaluation and a chest X-ray is ordered. Her arterial blood gas reports are as follows: PaO2 50 mm Hg pH 7.38 PaCO2 47 mm Hg HCO3 27 mEq/L Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?