Screening tests — MCQs

A 39-year-old pregnant woman at 16 weeks gestation recently underwent a quad-screen which revealed elevated beta-hCG, elevated inhibin A, decreased alpha-fetoprotein, and decreased estradiol. An ultrasound was performed which found increased nuchal translucency. Which of the following is recommended for diagnosis?

A 16-year-old female presents to the physician for delayed onset of menstruation. She reports that all of her friends have experienced their first menses, and she wonders whether "something is wrong with me." The patient is a sophomore in high school and doing well in school. Her past medical history is significant for an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis six months ago, for which she was treated with oral amoxicillin. The patient is in the 35th percentile for weight and 5th percentile for height. On physical exam, her temperature is 98.7°F (37.1°C), blood pressure is 112/67 mmHg, pulse is 71/min, and respirations are 12/min. The patient has a short neck and wide torso. She has Tanner stage I breast development and pubic hair with normal external female genitalia. On bimanual exam, the vagina is of normal length and the cervix is palpable. Which of the following is the most accurate test to diagnose this condition?

A 19-year-old female presents with a malodorous vaginal discharge. She notes that the odor is more prominent after sexual intercourse. She is sexually active with one partner and uses barrier contraception. Her past medical history is significant only for community-acquired pneumonia treated with antibiotics 2 months ago. The vital signs were as follows: blood pressure, 110/70 mm Hg; heart rate, 68/min; respiratory rate, 12/min; and temperature, 36.6℃ (97.9℉). The physical examination was normal. On gynecologic examination, the vaginal walls and cervix appeared normal. There was a gray, thin, homogeneous discharge with bubbles. The pH of the discharge was approximately 6.0. Which of the following findings would be expected on further investigation of this patient?

A 47-year-old woman presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding. She reports that she has had heavy, irregular periods for the past 6 months. Her periods, which normally occur every 28 days, are sometimes now only 2-3 weeks apart, last 7-10 days, and has spotting in between menses. Additionally, her breasts feel enlarged and tender. She denies abdominal pain, dysuria, dyspareunia, constipation, or abnormal vaginal discharge. The patient has a history of depression and hyperlipidemia. She takes fluoxetine and atorvastatin. She is a widow and has 2 healthy children. She works as an accountant. The patient says she drinks a half bottle of wine every night to help her calm down after work and to help her sleep. She denies tobacco or illicit drug use. She is not currently sexually active. Physical examination reveals spider angiomata and mild ascites. The left ovary is palpable but non-tender. A thickened endometrial stripe and a left ovarian mass are noted on ultrasound. A mammogram, chest radiograph, and CT abdomen/pelvis are pending. Which of the following tumor markers is associated with the patient’s most likely diagnosis?

A 37-year-old G3P2 is referred to a gynecologist by her physician to follow-up on the results of some screening tests. She has a history of 1 medical abortion and 2 vaginal deliveries. The most recent labor, which occurred at 31 years of age, was induced at 41 weeks gestation with prostaglandin application to the cervix, and was complicated by a cervical laceration. A Pap smear obtained 1 year ago showed a low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), but HPV testing was negative. Currently, the patient reports no symptoms. Her husband is her only sexual partner. She uses oral contraception. She does not have any co-existing diseases. The HPV test performed at the patient's last evaluation by her physician was positive. The Pap smear results were as follows: Specimen adequacy: satisfactory for evaluation Interpretation: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) A colposcopic examination is performed, but deemed inadequate due to cervical scarring with a partial obliteration of the external os. The lesion can be seen at the 7–8 o'clock position occupying 1/2 of the visible right lower quadrant of the cervix with a dense acetowhite epithelium and coarse punctuation. The cervical scar interferes with identification of the margins and extension of the lesion into the cervical canal. Which of the following would be the most appropriate next step in the management of this patient?

A 58-year-old woman presents to the physician for a routine gynecological visit. She denies any acute issues and remarks that she has not been sexually active for the past year. Her last Pap test was negative for any abnormal cytology. A pelvic examination and Pap test is performed at the current visit with no remarkable findings. Which of the following approaches to cervical cancer screening is most appropriate for this patient?

A 45-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2, at 18 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a prenatal visit. Ultrasonography at a previous visit when she was at 12 weeks' gestation showed a hypoplastic nasal bone. Pelvic examination shows a uterus consistent in size with an 18-week gestation. Maternal serum studies show low α-fetoprotein and free estriol concentrations, and increased inhibin A and β-hCG concentrations. Physical examination of the infant after delivery is most likely to show which of the following findings?

A 55-year-old postmenopausal woman comes to the physician for a screening Pap smear. She has no history of serious illness. Her last Pap smear was 10 years ago and showed no abnormalities. She has smoked one-half pack of cigarettes daily for 20 years and drinks 3 bottles of wine per week. She is sexually active with multiple male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Her paternal grandmother had ovarian cancer and her maternal aunt had breast cancer. Pelvic examination shows multiple red, fleshy polypoid masses on the anterior vaginal wall. A biopsy is obtained and histology shows large cells with abundant clear cytoplasm. Which of the following is the most significant risk factor for this diagnosis?

A 27-year-old G1P0 female presents for her first prenatal visit. She is in a monogamous relationship with her husband, and has had two lifetime sexual partners. She has never had a blood transfusion and has never used injection drugs. Screening for which of the following infections is most appropriate to recommend this patient?

An 18-year-old woman presents for a routine check-up. She is a college student with no complaints. She has a 2 pack-year history of smoking and consumes alcohol occasionally. Her sexual debut was at 15 years of age and has had 2 sexual partners. She takes oral contraceptives and uses barrier contraception. Her family history is significant for cervical cancer in her aunt. Which of the following statements regarding cervical cancer screening in this patient is correct?