Viral vaccines — MCQs

A 24-year-old woman with HIV infection comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. She has been inconsistently taking combined antiretroviral therapy for the past 5 years. She did not receive any childhood vaccinations because her parents were against them. During the consultation, the patient says that she wants to catch up on the missed vaccinations. Laboratory studies show a CD4+ T lymphocyte cell count of 180/mm3. Administration of the vaccine against which of the following agents should be avoided in this patient?

A 2-year-old boy is brought in by his parents to his pediatrician. The boy was born by spontaneous vaginal delivery at 39 weeks and 5 days after a normal pregnancy. The boy has received all age-appropriate vaccinations as of his last visit at 18 months of age. Of note, the boy has confirmed sickle cell disease and the only medication he takes is penicillin prophylaxis. The parents state that they plan on enrolling their son in a daycare, which requires documentation of up-to-date vaccinations. The pediatrician states that their son needs an additional vaccination at this visit, which is a polysaccharide vaccine that is not conjugated to protein. Which of the following matches this description?

A young man about to leave for his freshman year of college visits his physician in order to ensure that his immunizations are up-to-date. Because he is living in a college dormitory, his physician gives him a vaccine that prevents meningococcal disease. What type of vaccine did this patient likely receive?

A 9-month-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents for routine immunization. The parents say they have recently immigrated to the United States from a developing country, where the infant was receiving immunizations as per the national immunization schedule for that country. The pediatrician prepares a plan for the infant’s immunizations as per standard US guidelines. Looking at the plan, the parents ask why the infant needs to be vaccinated with injectable polio vaccine, as he had already received an oral polio vaccine back in their home country. The pediatrician explains to them that, as per the recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents in the United States, it is important to complete the schedule of immunizations using the injectable polio vaccine (IPV). He also mentions that IPV is considered safer than OPV, and IPV has some distinct advantages over OPV. Which of the following statements best explains the advantage of IPV over OPV to which the pediatrician is referring?

A 2-month-old girl is brought to the physician by her father for a routine well-child examination. She is given a vaccine that contains polyribosylribitol phosphate conjugated to a toxoid carrier. The vaccine is most likely to provide immunity against which of the following pathogens?

A 1-year-old girl is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She has no history of serious illness. She receives a vaccine in which a polysaccharide is conjugated to a carrier protein. Which of the following pathogens is the most likely target of this vaccine?

A 35-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of a 1-week history of progressive confusion, myalgia, and nausea. His wife says that he first reported headaches and fatigue 10 days ago, and since then “he has not been himself”. He has refused to drink any liquids for the last day. Two months ago, he helped his neighbor remove a raccoon's den from her backyard. He appears agitated. His temperature is 100.8°F (38.2°C). Examination shows excessive drooling. Muscle tone and deep tendon reflexes are increased bilaterally. Administration of which of the following is most likely to have prevented this patient's condition?

A parent presents to her pediatrician requesting information about immunizations for her newborn. The pediatrician explains about basic principles of immunization, types of vaccines, possible adverse effects, and the immunization schedule. Regarding how immunizations work, the pediatrician explains that there are mainly 2 types of vaccines. The first type of vaccine provides stronger and more lasting immunity as it induces both cellular and humoral immune responses. The second type of vaccine produces mainly a humoral response only, and its overall efficacy is less as compared to the first type. Which of the following vaccines belongs to the first type of vaccine that the pediatrician is talking about?

A scientist performed an experiment to produce hybrid viruses by mixing two different serotypes of influenza virus, H1N1 and H2N2, in a respiratory epithelium cell line. Several days later, the scientist collected the media and analyzed the viral progeny. She found the following serotypes of virus: H1N1, H2N2, H1N2, and H2N1. Which of the following terms best explains the appearance of new serotypes?

A previously healthy 15-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department 24 hours after the onset of a severe headache. She returned from a 1-week camping trip 3 days ago; she went spelunking and swimming in a freshwater lake during the trip. She is agitated, uncooperative, and oriented only to person. Her temperature is 38.9°C (102°F), pulse is 112/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 100/68 mm Hg. There are several crusted insect bites on her extremities. Neurologic examination shows diffuse hyperreflexia and an extensor plantar response bilaterally. Her neck is supple without lymphadenopathy. An MRI of the brain shows asymmetrical, bitemporal hyperintensities. A lumbar puncture is performed. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis shows: Opening pressure 150 mm H2O Glucose 58 mg/dL Protein 108 mg/dL Leukocyte count 150/mm3 Segmented neutrophils 15% Lymphocytes 85% Erythrocyte count 25/mm3 Which of the following is the most likely causal pathogen?