Rehabilitation principles — MCQs

10 questions

A 69-year-old man is brought in by his wife with acute onset aphasia for the past 5 hours. The patient's wife says that they were sitting having dinner when suddenly he was not able to speak. They delayed coming to the hospital because he had a similar episode 2 months ago which resolved within an hour. His past medical history is significant for hypercholesterolemia, managed with rosuvastatin, and a myocardial infarction (MI) 2 months ago, status post percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty complicated by residual angina. His family history is significant for his father who died of MI at age 60. The patient reports a 15-pack-year smoking history but denies any alcohol or recreational drug use. The vital signs include: temperature 37.0℃ (98.6℉), blood pressure 125/85 mm Hg, pulse 96/min, and respiratory rate 19/min. On physical examination, the patient has expressive aphasia. There is a weakness of the right-sided lower facial muscles. The strength in his upper and lower extremities is 4/5 on the right and 5/5 on the left. There is also a decreased sensation on his right side. A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head is unremarkable. CT angiography (CTA) and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain are acquired, and the findings are shown in the exhibit (see image). Which of the following is the best course of treatment in this patient?

A 58-year-old man presents to the clinic concerned about his health after his elder brother recently became bed-bound due to a brain condition. He has also brought a head CT scan of his brother to reference, as shown in the picture. The patient has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and hypercholesterolemia. His medication list includes aspirin, diclofenac sodium, metformin, and ramipril. He leads a sedentary lifestyle and smokes one pack of cigarettes daily. He also drinks 4–5 cups of red wine every weekend. His BMI is 33.2 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 164/96 mm Hg, the heart rate is 84/min, and the respiratory rate is 16/min. Which of the following interventions will be most beneficial for reducing the risk of developing the disease that his brother has?

A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of acute confusion and sudden weakness of her left leg that lasted for about 30 minutes. One hour prior to admission, she was unable to understand words and had slurred speech for about 15 minutes. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. Current medications include metformin and hydrochlorothiazide. Her pulse is 110/min and irregular; blood pressure is 135/84 mmHg. Examination shows cold extremities. There is a mild bruit heard above the left carotid artery. Cardiac examination shows a grade 2/6 late systolic ejection murmur that begins with a midsystolic click. Neurological and mental status examinations show no abnormalities. An ECG shows irregularly spaced QRS complexes with no discernible P waves. Doppler ultrasonography shows mild left carotid artery stenosis. A CT scan and diffusion-weighted MRI of the brain show no abnormalities. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prevent future episodes of neurologic dysfunction in this patient?

A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of non-fluent speech. His mother worries that his vocabulary is limited for his age and because he cannot use simple sentences to communicate. She says he enjoys playing with his peers and parents, but he has always lagged behind in his speaking and communication. His speech is frequently not understood by strangers. He physically appears normal. His height and weight are within the normal range for his age. He responds to his name, makes eye contact, and enjoys the company of his mother. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A psychiatrist receives a call from a patient who expresses thoughts of harming his ex-girlfriend. The patient describes a detailed plan to attack her at her workplace. Which of the following represents the psychiatrist's most appropriate legal obligation?

A 78-year-old woman is accompanied by her family for a routine visit to her primary care provider. The family states that 5 months prior, the patient had a stroke and is currently undergoing physical therapy. Today, her temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 112/72 mmHg, pulse is 64/min, and respirations are 12/min. On exam, she is alert and oriented with no deficits in speech. Additionally, her strength and sensation are symmetric and preserved bilaterally. However, on further neurologic testing, she appears to have some difficulty with balance and a propensity to fall to her right side. Which of the following deficits does the patient also likely have?

A 78-year-old man is brought in to the emergency department by ambulance after his wife noticed that he began slurring his speech and had developed facial asymmetry during dinner approximately 30 minutes ago. His past medical history is remarkable for hypertension and diabetes. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 154/99 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Neurologic exam reveals right upper and lower extremity weakness and an asymmetric smile. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

A 73-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after being found to be non-communicative by his family during dinner. On presentation he appears to be alert, though he is confused and cannot follow instructions. When he tries to speak, he vocalizes a string of fluent but unintelligible syllables. Given this presentation, his physician decides to administer tissue plasminogen activator to this patient. This intervention best represents which of the following principles?

A 48-year-old woman presents with acute stroke symptoms 18 hours ago. MRI shows a right MCA M1 occlusion with large penumbra on perfusion imaging (mismatch ratio >1.8) and small infarct core (25 mL). Her NIHSS is 16. She has no significant comorbidities. Her family is concerned about disability but wants to pursue treatment if reasonable chance of benefit exists. Synthesize the evidence and evaluate the treatment approach.

Q10

A 55-year-old man undergoes successful thrombectomy for left MCA occlusion. Post-procedure, he develops progressive lethargy and his blood pressure increases to 180/100 mmHg. CT shows hyperdensity in the treated territory without hemorrhage, and his symptoms worsen over 4 hours despite blood pressure control. Evaluate the most likely diagnosis and management priority.

Rehabilitation principles US Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 1: A 69-year-old man is brought in by his wife with acute onset aphasia for the past 5 hours. The patient's wife says that they were sitting having dinner when suddenly he was not able to speak. They delayed coming to the hospital because he had a similar episode 2 months ago which resolved within an hour. His past medical history is significant for hypercholesterolemia, managed with rosuvastatin, and a myocardial infarction (MI) 2 months ago, status post percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty complicated by residual angina. His family history is significant for his father who died of MI at age 60. The patient reports a 15-pack-year smoking history but denies any alcohol or recreational drug use. The vital signs include: temperature 37.0℃ (98.6℉), blood pressure 125/85 mm Hg, pulse 96/min, and respiratory rate 19/min. On physical examination, the patient has expressive aphasia. There is a weakness of the right-sided lower facial muscles. The strength in his upper and lower extremities is 4/5 on the right and 5/5 on the left. There is also a decreased sensation on his right side. A noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head is unremarkable. CT angiography (CTA) and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain are acquired, and the findings are shown in the exhibit (see image). Which of the following is the best course of treatment in this patient?

A. Aspirin
B. Mannitol
C. Mechanical thrombectomy (Correct Answer)
D. IV tPA
E. Low molecular weight heparin

Explanation: ***Mechanical thrombectomy*** - The patient presents with **acute ischemic stroke** symptoms (aphasia, right-sided weakness, sensory deficits) at **5 hours from symptom onset**. Imaging (CTA showing large vessel occlusion and MRI confirming diffusion restriction) demonstrates a **large vessel occlusion**, making him a candidate for **mechanical thrombectomy**. - Since the patient is **beyond the 4.5-hour window for IV tPA**, mechanical thrombectomy is the **primary reperfusion therapy** indicated for large vessel occlusion strokes up to **24 hours** (with appropriate imaging showing salvageable tissue). - Mechanical thrombectomy offers the best chance for complete recanalization and improved neurological outcomes in large vessel occlusion strokes, particularly when IV tPA is not an option. *Aspirin* - While **aspirin** is crucial for **secondary stroke prevention**, it is not the primary acute treatment for a large vessel occlusion stroke due to its limited ability to achieve rapid and complete recanalization. - Aspirin (or other antiplatelet therapy) is typically initiated **within 24-48 hours after stroke onset**, but only after excluding hemorrhagic transformation and after acute reperfusion therapies have been considered or completed. *Mannitol* - **Mannitol** is an osmotic diuretic used to reduce **intracranial pressure (ICP)** in cases of severe cerebral edema, which can be a complication of large ischemic strokes. - It is not a primary treatment for the acute ischemic event itself, but rather a supportive measure used to manage life-threatening complications if **cerebral edema** develops and causes significant mass effect or herniation risk. *IV tPA* - **Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA)** is the first-line pharmacologic treatment for acute ischemic stroke if administered **within 4.5 hours of symptom onset** in eligible patients. - This patient presents at **5 hours**, which is **beyond the approved time window** for IV tPA administration, making him **ineligible** for thrombolytic therapy. - Even if within the time window, patients with large vessel occlusion often require mechanical thrombectomy in addition to or instead of IV tPA for optimal outcomes. *Low molecular weight heparin* - **Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)** is primarily used for **deep vein thrombosis (DVT)** prophylaxis in immobilized patients or for the treatment of established DVT/pulmonary embolism. - It is generally **not recommended for acute ischemic stroke treatment** due to an increased risk of hemorrhagic transformation without proven benefit in recanalization or clinical outcomes.

Question 2: A 58-year-old man presents to the clinic concerned about his health after his elder brother recently became bed-bound due to a brain condition. He has also brought a head CT scan of his brother to reference, as shown in the picture. The patient has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, osteoarthritis, and hypercholesterolemia. His medication list includes aspirin, diclofenac sodium, metformin, and ramipril. He leads a sedentary lifestyle and smokes one pack of cigarettes daily. He also drinks 4–5 cups of red wine every weekend. His BMI is 33.2 kg/m2. His blood pressure is 164/96 mm Hg, the heart rate is 84/min, and the respiratory rate is 16/min. Which of the following interventions will be most beneficial for reducing the risk of developing the disease that his brother has?

A. Statin therapy
B. Quit smoking
C. Stop aspirin
D. Blood sugar control
E. Blood pressure control (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Blood pressure control*** - The brother's CT scan shows features of **white matter hyperintensities (WMH)**, indicative of **cerebral small vessel disease**, a significant risk factor for **neurodegenerative conditions** and dementia, which can cause a patient to become bedridden. - **Hypertension** is the most potent and modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of WMH and other forms of cerebral small vessel disease; therefore, strict **blood pressure control** is the most beneficial intervention. *Statin therapy* - Statins are crucial for managing **hypercholesterolemia** and reducing the risk of **atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease** and stroke. - While beneficial for overall vascular health, **dyslipidemia** is less strongly associated with WMH and cerebral small vessel disease than hypertension. *Quit smoking* - **Smoking** is a significant risk factor for **stroke**, **atherosclerosis**, and several neurodegenerative disorders. - While important for overall health, **smoking cessation** has a less direct and immediate impact on the progression of existent WMH compared to **blood pressure control**. *Stop aspirin* - **Aspirin** is used for **primary or secondary prevention** of cardiovascular events due to its **antiplatelet effects**. - There is no indication that stopping aspirin would benefit in preventing further cerebral small vessel disease; rather, it could increase the risk of other vascular events in this patient with multiple risk factors. *Blood sugar control* - **Type 2 diabetes mellitus** is a known risk factor for **vascular dementia** and can contribute to small vessel disease. - While important for long-term health, the impact of **blood sugar control** on WMH progression is less substantial compared to **blood pressure control**.

Question 3: A 68-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of acute confusion and sudden weakness of her left leg that lasted for about 30 minutes. One hour prior to admission, she was unable to understand words and had slurred speech for about 15 minutes. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 30 years. Current medications include metformin and hydrochlorothiazide. Her pulse is 110/min and irregular; blood pressure is 135/84 mmHg. Examination shows cold extremities. There is a mild bruit heard above the left carotid artery. Cardiac examination shows a grade 2/6 late systolic ejection murmur that begins with a midsystolic click. Neurological and mental status examinations show no abnormalities. An ECG shows irregularly spaced QRS complexes with no discernible P waves. Doppler ultrasonography shows mild left carotid artery stenosis. A CT scan and diffusion-weighted MRI of the brain show no abnormalities. Which of the following treatments is most likely to prevent future episodes of neurologic dysfunction in this patient?

A. Warfarin (Correct Answer)
B. Enalapril
C. Alteplase
D. Aspirin
E. Mitral valve replacement

Explanation: ***Warfarin*** - The patient experienced a **transient ischemic attack (TIA)** due to **atrial fibrillation** as indicated by the irregular pulse and ECG findings of irregularly spaced QRS complexes with no discernible P waves. Atrial fibrillation significantly increases the risk of stroke due to thrombus formation in the atria. - **Warfarin**, or other oral anticoagulants (e.g., direct oral anticoagulants), is crucial for preventing future embolic events by reducing the risk of clot formation in the heart. - The patient has a high CHADS₂-VASc score (age ≥65, hypertension, diabetes, prior TIA), making anticoagulation the standard of care. *Mitral valve replacement* - The patient has a grade 2/6 late systolic murmur with a midsystolic click, which is classic for **mitral valve prolapse (MVP)**. While MVP can rarely be associated with embolic events, it is typically benign and does not require surgical intervention unless there is severe mitral regurgitation with heart failure symptoms. - The primary cause of this patient's neurologic dysfunction is **atrial fibrillation**, not structural valve disease. There are no clinical signs of severe mitral regurgitation (pulmonary edema, severe heart failure) that would warrant valve replacement. - Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation addresses the root cause of the embolic risk. *Enalapril* - Enalapril is an **ACE inhibitor** used to treat hypertension and heart failure. While managing hypertension is important for stroke prevention, it does not address the underlying thrombogenic risk from atrial fibrillation. - Although blood pressure control is part of comprehensive stroke prevention, her transient neurological events are cardioembolic, making anticoagulation the priority for primary prevention. *Alteplase* - **Alteplase** (tissue plasminogen activator) is a thrombolytic agent used to treat acute ischemic stroke, typically administered within a narrow time window after symptom onset. This patient's symptoms were transient and resolved (TIA), and she is currently asymptomatic with no acute stroke on imaging. - Administering alteplase to a patient post-TIA with no active stroke would be inappropriate and potentially harmful due to the risk of bleeding. - Alteplase treats acute strokes; it does not prevent future events. *Aspirin* - **Aspirin** is an antiplatelet agent used for secondary stroke prevention in patients with atherosclerotic disease or non-cardioembolic TIAs. However, for cardioembolic events due to atrial fibrillation, aspirin alone is insufficient. - Patients with atrial fibrillation require **anticoagulation (e.g., warfarin or DOACs)**, which is significantly more effective than antiplatelet therapy in preventing stroke from atrial fibrillation. - The mild carotid stenosis noted is not severe enough to be the primary cause of her symptoms.

Question 4: A 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of non-fluent speech. His mother worries that his vocabulary is limited for his age and because he cannot use simple sentences to communicate. She says he enjoys playing with his peers and parents, but he has always lagged behind in his speaking and communication. His speech is frequently not understood by strangers. He physically appears normal. His height and weight are within the normal range for his age. He responds to his name, makes eye contact, and enjoys the company of his mother. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

A. Referral to speech therapist
B. Evaluate response to methylphenidate
C. Psychiatric evaluation
D. Audiology testing (Correct Answer)
E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Explanation: ***Audiology testing*** - Before initiating any therapy for speech delay, it is crucial to rule out **hearing impairment**, as **undiagnosed hearing loss** is the most common organic cause of speech and language difficulties in children. - **Standard practice guidelines** (AAP) recommend hearing assessment as the **first diagnostic step** in evaluating any child with speech or language delay. - While other developmental aspects seem intact, the inability to use simple sentences at age 4 and speech that is "frequently not understood by strangers" strongly suggests the need to assess the child's ability to **receive auditory information**. *Referral to speech therapist* - While a **speech therapist referral** is highly appropriate for a child with significant speech delay, it should typically follow an assessment to rule out underlying organic causes like **hearing loss**. - Without addressing potential hearing impairment, speech therapy may be less effective or miss the root cause of the communication difficulty. *Evaluate response to methylphenidate* - **Methylphenidate** is a stimulant medication used primarily for **attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)**. - There is no indication of ADHD symptoms in this child (e.g., inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity), and it is not a treatment for **primary speech delay**. *Psychiatric evaluation* - The child's ability to respond to his name, make eye contact, and enjoy social interaction with family and peers makes a **primary psychiatric disorder** (like autism spectrum disorder) less likely to be the sole cause of the speech delay. - Such an evaluation would typically be considered if **social communication deficits**, repetitive behaviors, or restricted interests were prominent. *Thyroid-stimulating hormone* - **Hypothyroidism** can cause developmental delays, including speech delay. - However, the child's normal physical appearance, height, and weight make **congenital or acquired hypothyroidism** less likely to be the primary cause of his isolated speech delay.

Question 5: A psychiatrist receives a call from a patient who expresses thoughts of harming his ex-girlfriend. The patient describes a detailed plan to attack her at her workplace. Which of the following represents the psychiatrist's most appropriate legal obligation?

A. Warn the ex-girlfriend and notify law enforcement (Correct Answer)
B. Only notify the patient's family
C. Warn only law enforcement
D. Maintain patient confidentiality

Explanation: ***Warn the ex-girlfriend and notify law enforcement*** - This scenario directly triggers the **"duty to warn"** and **"duty to protect"** principles, primarily stemming from the **Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California** case. - The psychiatrist has a legal obligation to take reasonable steps to protect the identifiable victim, which includes directly warning the intended victim and informing law enforcement. *Only notify the patient's family* - Notifying the patient's family alone does not fulfill the **legal obligation to protect** an identifiable third party from a serious threat of harm. - While family involvement might be part of a comprehensive safety plan, it is insufficient as the sole action in this critical situation. *Warn only law enforcement* - While notifying law enforcement is a crucial step, the **Tarasoff duty** specifically mandates warning the **intended victim** directly (or those who can reasonably be expected to notify the victim). - Relying solely on law enforcement might not ensure the immediate safety of the ex-girlfriend, especially if there's a delay in their response or ability to locate her. *Maintain patient confidentiality* - Patient confidentiality is a cornerstone of psychiatric practice, but it is **not absolute** when there is a serious and imminent threat of harm to an identifiable individual. - The **duty to protect** a potential victim *outweighs* the duty to maintain confidentiality in such extreme circumstances.

Question 6: A 78-year-old woman is accompanied by her family for a routine visit to her primary care provider. The family states that 5 months prior, the patient had a stroke and is currently undergoing physical therapy. Today, her temperature is 98.2°F (36.8°C), blood pressure is 112/72 mmHg, pulse is 64/min, and respirations are 12/min. On exam, she is alert and oriented with no deficits in speech. Additionally, her strength and sensation are symmetric and preserved bilaterally. However, on further neurologic testing, she appears to have some difficulty with balance and a propensity to fall to her right side. Which of the following deficits does the patient also likely have?

A. Hemiballismus
B. Hemispatial neglect
C. Intention tremor
D. Contralateral eye deviation
E. Truncal ataxia (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***Truncal ataxia*** - This patient's symptoms of **difficulty with balance** and a **propensity to fall to her right side** are highly suggestive of truncal ataxia. - While she had a stroke, her preserved speech, symmetric strength and sensation, and alertness rule out typical hemiparesis or aphasia, pointing towards a **cerebellar lesion** affecting balance and coordination. *Hemiballismus* - This condition involves **flailing, high-amplitude, involuntary movements** typically affecting one side of the body. - The patient's description of balance issues and falling, without mention of such specific movements, makes hemiballismus less likely. *Hemispatial neglect* - Characterized by the **inability to attend to one side of the environment**, usually the left side following a right parietal stroke. - The patient's presentation does not describe an indifference to one side of her visual or personal space. *Intention tremor* - An **intention tremor** is a tremor that worsens during purposeful movement towards a target. - While it can be associated with cerebellar dysfunction, the primary deficit described is imbalance and falling to one side, not specifically a tremor. *Contralateral eye deviation* - This typically occurs in acute stroke scenarios as part of a **gaze preference**, where the eyes deviate towards the side of the lesion (or away from the hemiparesis). - The patient is 5 months post-stroke and is alert with no acute focal deficits, making acute eye deviation unlikely as a chronic presenting symptom here.

Question 7: A 78-year-old man is brought in to the emergency department by ambulance after his wife noticed that he began slurring his speech and had developed facial asymmetry during dinner approximately 30 minutes ago. His past medical history is remarkable for hypertension and diabetes. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 154/99 mmHg, pulse is 89/min, respirations are 12/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Neurologic exam reveals right upper and lower extremity weakness and an asymmetric smile. Which of the following is the next best step in management?

A. Alteplase
B. MRI brain
C. CT head (Correct Answer)
D. Aspirin
E. CTA head

Explanation: ***CT head*** - A **non-contrast CT head** is the immediate priority to differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, which is critical for guiding subsequent treatment decisions. - Given the patient's acute neurological deficits (slurred speech, facial asymmetry, weakness) and vascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes), **stroke is highly suspected**, and identifying intracerebral hemorrhage is crucial before considering thrombolytic therapy. *Alteplase* - **Alteplase** (tPA) is a thrombolytic agent used for acute ischemic stroke, but its administration is **contraindicated in hemorrhagic stroke**. - Initiating alteplase without first ruling out hemorrhage with a CT scan could lead to catastrophic bleeding. *MRI brain* - While an **MRI brain** can provide more detailed imaging of stroke, it is typically **not the initial imaging modality** in the emergency setting due to longer acquisition times and limited availability, especially when emergent differentiation between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke is needed. - Its use is usually reserved for cases where the CT is inconclusive or for later evaluation. *Aspirin* - **Aspirin** is an antiplatelet agent used in the management of ischemic stroke, but it should **not be given until a hemorrhagic stroke has been ruled out** via CT head. - Administering aspirin in the context of an intracerebral hemorrhage could worsen bleeding. *CTA head* - A **CT angiography (CTA) head** is used to visualize the cerebral vasculature and identify large vessel occlusions, which can guide thrombectomy decisions in ischemic stroke. - However, performing a **non-contrast CT head is a prerequisite** to rule out hemorrhage before proceeding with CTA or any other advanced imaging or therapeutic interventions.

Question 8: A 73-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after being found to be non-communicative by his family during dinner. On presentation he appears to be alert, though he is confused and cannot follow instructions. When he tries to speak, he vocalizes a string of fluent but unintelligible syllables. Given this presentation, his physician decides to administer tissue plasminogen activator to this patient. This intervention best represents which of the following principles?

A. Tertiary prevention
B. Primary prevention
C. This does not represent prevention (Correct Answer)
D. Quaternary prevention
E. Secondary prevention

Explanation: ***This does not represent prevention*** - The administration of **tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)** during an **acute stroke** is a **therapeutic intervention**, not a form of prevention. - **Prevention** refers to actions taken to prevent disease occurrence, detect it early, or prevent complications after recovery. Treating an acute, symptomatic event is **acute treatment**, not prevention. - This is an active medical intervention to treat an ongoing, symptomatic disease process (acute ischemic stroke), which falls under **therapeutic management** rather than any category of prevention. *Secondary prevention* - **Secondary prevention** involves **early detection** and treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic disease to prevent progression (e.g., screening mammography, colonoscopy). - For stroke specifically, secondary prevention would include interventions **after** the acute event to **prevent recurrence**, such as starting antiplatelet therapy (aspirin, clopidogrel), anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation, statin therapy, or carotid endarterectomy after TIA. - tPA is given during the acute symptomatic phase, making it treatment rather than secondary prevention. *Tertiary prevention* - **Tertiary prevention** focuses on **rehabilitation** and managing established disease to prevent complications and improve quality of life. - Examples after stroke include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, and managing post-stroke complications like depression or spasticity. - This occurs in the recovery phase, not during acute treatment. *Primary prevention* - **Primary prevention** aims to prevent disease before it occurs in healthy individuals. - Examples include controlling hypertension, managing diabetes, smoking cessation, exercise, and healthy diet - all interventions that reduce stroke risk **before** any event occurs. *Quaternary prevention* - **Quaternary prevention** protects patients from **overmedicalization** and excessive or harmful medical interventions. - It involves avoiding unnecessary testing or treatment that may cause more harm than benefit. - Administering tPA for acute stroke (when indicated) is evidence-based treatment, not overtreatment.

Question 9: A 48-year-old woman presents with acute stroke symptoms 18 hours ago. MRI shows a right MCA M1 occlusion with large penumbra on perfusion imaging (mismatch ratio >1.8) and small infarct core (25 mL). Her NIHSS is 16. She has no significant comorbidities. Her family is concerned about disability but wants to pursue treatment if reasonable chance of benefit exists. Synthesize the evidence and evaluate the treatment approach.

A. Intravenous alteplase as salvageable tissue is present
B. Intra-arterial thrombolysis combined with mechanical device
C. No intervention as she is outside the standard treatment window
D. Mechanical thrombectomy based on perfusion imaging criteria (Correct Answer)
E. Medical management with antiplatelet and early rehabilitation

Explanation: ***Mechanical thrombectomy based on perfusion imaging criteria*** - For patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the extended 6–24 hour window, **DAWN** and **DEFUSE-3** trials demonstrated significant functional benefit when clinical-core mismatch is present. - This patient satisfies criteria with an **M1 occlusion**, a **small infarct core (<70 mL)**, and a **large mismatch ratio (>1.8)**, indicating substantial salvageable penumbra. *Intravenous alteplase as salvageable tissue is present* - The therapeutic window for **IV alteplase** is strictly limited to within **4.5 hours** of symptom onset; it is not recommended at 18 hours due to high hemorrhage risk. - While salvageable tissue exists, chemical thrombolysis is less effective than mechanical intervention for **proximal M1 occlusions** and is unsafe in this late window. *Intra-arterial thrombolysis combined with mechanical device* - **Intra-arterial thrombolysis** is generally superseded by modern **stent retrievers** and aspiration catheters which provide faster and more complete recanalization. - Current guidelines prioritize standalone **mechanical thrombectomy** in the late window to minimize procedural risks and intracranial hemorrhage. *No intervention as she is outside the standard treatment window* - The "Time is Brain" concept has evolved into "Tissue is Brain," where **perfusion imaging** identifies candidates who benefit regardless of the traditional 6-hour clock. - Denying treatment based solely on the 18-hour timeframe ignores high-level evidence from the **DAWN** trial showing benefit up to 24 hours. *Medical management with antiplatelet and early rehabilitation* - Standard **medical management** (aspirin/heparin) for an M1 occlusion with a high **NIHSS score (16)** usually results in poor functional outcomes and severe disability. - While rehabilitation is essential, it does not address the underlying **large vessel occlusion** which can be reversed with mechanical intervention to prevent infarct expansion.

Question 10: A 55-year-old man undergoes successful thrombectomy for left MCA occlusion. Post-procedure, he develops progressive lethargy and his blood pressure increases to 180/100 mmHg. CT shows hyperdensity in the treated territory without hemorrhage, and his symptoms worsen over 4 hours despite blood pressure control. Evaluate the most likely diagnosis and management priority.

A. Hemorrhagic transformation; reverse anticoagulation immediately
B. Cerebral edema from large infarction; emergent decompressive hemicraniectomy
C. Reperfusion injury; start high-dose corticosteroids and osmotic therapy
D. Contrast extravasation from blood-brain barrier disruption; supportive care and avoid aggressive BP lowering (Correct Answer)
E. Recurrent arterial occlusion; emergent repeat angiography and thrombectomy

Explanation: ***Contrast extravasation from blood-brain barrier disruption; supportive care and avoid aggressive BP lowering*** - Post-thrombectomy **hyperdensity** on CT often represents contrast that leaked through an ischemic **blood-brain barrier**, which can mimic hemorrhage but lacks significant **mass effect**. - Management is **supportive care** because the contrast is typically reabsorbed within 24–48 hours; avoiding aggressive **blood pressure lowering** prevents secondary ischemia in the penumbra. *Hemorrhagic transformation; reverse anticoagulation immediately* - While **hemorrhagic transformation** is a risk, true blood usually demonstrates higher density earlier and is associated with rapid clinical decline and **midline shift**. - Reversing anticoagulation without confirming blood on a follow-up **dual-energy CT** or MRI may lead to **stent thrombosis** or re-occlusion. *Cerebral edema from large infarction; emergent decompressive hemicraniectomy* - **Cerebral edema** typically peaks between 72–96 hours post-stroke; a presentation within 4 hours is too acute for **malignant MCA syndrome**. - While edema causes lethargy, the hyperdensity on CT more specifically points toward **contrast staining** or blood rather than simple cytotoxic edema. *Reperfusion injury; start high-dose corticosteroids and osmotic therapy* - **Corticosteroids** are not indicated for stroke-related edema or reperfusion injury as they do not improve outcomes and may increase **infection risk**. - **Osmotic therapy** is reserved for patients with clear clinical or radiologic signs of **elevated intracranial pressure**, not isolated hyperdensity on CT. *Recurrent arterial occlusion; emergent repeat angiography and thrombectomy* - **Recurrent occlusion** usually presents with a sudden recurrence of the original **focal neurological deficits** (e.g., hemiplegia, aphasia) rather than progressive lethargy. - The presence of **hyperdensity** in the stroke territory on CT is specifically indicative of material (contrast or blood) being present, which is not a feature of a simple **re-occlusion**.

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