Gastroenterology — MCQs

A 23-year-old man presents to the emergency room with right flank pain. On physical examination, there is no rebound tenderness, guarding, and rigidity. The pain is radiating to the groin region and is associated with nausea. Plain X-ray of the kidney, ureter, and bladder is normal. Urinalysis showed the presence of mild hematuria, an absence of pus cells, and the following crystals (refer to image). What is the most likely composition of these crystals?

A 27-year-old man presents to his primary care physician after a recent illness. For the past 48 hours the patient has experienced constant vomiting and diarrhea with a high fever. He is feeling better today and wants to be seen to ensure he is healthy. The patient has a past medical history of schizophrenia well controlled with risperidone and lithium. He takes ibuprofen for knee pain and attempts to stay well hydrated. Laboratory values are ordered as seen below. Serum: Na+: 123 mEq/L Cl-: 90 mEq/L K+: 3.8 mEq/L HCO3-: 29 mEq/L BUN: 42 mg/dL Glucose: 109 mg/dL Creatinine: 1.9 mg/dL Ca2+: 10.2 mg/dL Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this patient’s laboratory derangements?

An 18-year-old man presents to his primary care provider before leaving for college. He has no complaints. His past medical history is significant for asthma, acne vulgaris, and infectious mononucleosis at age 16. His home medications include doxycycline and albuterol as needed. His family history is significant for colon cancer in his father at age 50, his paternal grandfather at age 55, and an uncle at age 45. His father underwent testing for mutations in the APC gene, which were negative. There is no family history of dental abnormalities or other malignancy. The patient denies any recent weight loss, abdominal pain, hematochezia, melena, or other changes in the appearance of his stools. This patient should be screened for colorectal cancer (CRC) under which of the following protocols?

A 55-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with retrosternal pain that started this evening. The patient states that her symptoms started as she was going to bed after taking her medications. She describes the pain as sudden in onset, worse with swallowing, and not associated with exertion. The patient has a past medical history of diabetes, anemia, and congestive heart failure and is currently taking metoprolol, insulin, metformin, iron, and lisinopril. Her temperature is 99.2°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 125/63 mmHg, pulse is 90/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 100% on room air. Physical exam is notable for an obese woman who appears uncomfortable. An initial electrocardiogram (ECG) demonstrates sinus rhythm, and a set of troponins are pending. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

A 35-year-old woman is presenting for a general wellness checkup. She is generally healthy and has no complaints. The patient does not smoke, drinks 1 alcoholic drink per day, and exercises 1 day per week. She recently had silicone breast implants placed 1 month ago. Her family history is notable for a heart attack in her mother and father at the age of 71 and 55 respectively. Her father had colon cancer at the age of 70. Her temperature is 99.0°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 121/81 mmHg, pulse is 77/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical exam is unremarkable. Which of the following is the most appropriate initial step in management?

A 45-year-old woman comes to see you for a second opinion regarding an upcoming surgery for pancreatic insulinoma. While taking a surgical history, she tells you she previously had a pituitary tumor resected. For which additional neoplasms might you consider testing her?

A 19-year-old woman presents to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She has a past medical history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. She recently moved to a new city to begin her undergraduate studies. Her father was diagnosed with colon cancer at age 46. Her father's brother died because of small bowel cancer. Her paternal grandfather died because of stomach cancer. She takes a vitamin supplement. Current medications include esomeprazole and a multivitamin. She smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for 3 years but quit 2 years ago. She drinks 1–2 alcoholic beverages on the weekends. She appears healthy. Vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Colonoscopy is unremarkable. Germline testing via DNA sequencing in this patient shows mutations in DNA repair genes MLH1 and MSH2. Which of the following will this patient most likely require at some point in her life?

A 31-year-old man presents with jaundice, scleral icterus, dark urine, and pruritus. He also says that he has been experiencing abdominal pain shortly after eating. He says that symptoms started a week ago and have not improved. The patient denies any associated fever or recent weight-loss. He is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. On physical examination, the patient’s skin appears yellowish. Scleral icterus is present. Remainder of physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for: Conjugated bilirubin 5.1 mg/dL Total bilirubin 6.0 mg/dL AST 24 U/L ALT 22 U/L Alkaline phosphatase 662 U/L A contrast CT of the abdomen is unremarkable. An ultrasound of the right upper quadrant reveals a normal gallbladder, but the common bile duct is not visible. Which of the following is the next best step in the management of this patient?

A 54-year-old man comes to the physician because of dysphagia and hoarseness of voice for the past 3 months. Initially, he had difficulty swallowing solid food but now has difficulty swallowing porridge and liquids as well. He has recently been choking on his oral secretions. During this period, he has had an 8.2-kg (18-lb) weight loss. He has noticed increasing weakness of both arms over the past year. He appears ill. His temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 74/min, respirations are 14/min, and blood pressure is 114/74 mmHg. Examination shows tongue atrophy and pooled oral secretions. There is diffuse muscle atrophy with occasional twitching. He is unable to lift his arms above the chest level. Deep tendon reflexes are 3+ in all extremities. Sensation to pinprick, light touch, and vibration is intact. Laboratory studies show: Hemoglobin 16.1 g/dL Leukocyte count 10,900/mm3 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate 20 mm/h Serum Na+ 133 mEq/L K+ 4.2 mEq/L Cl- 101 mEq/L Urea nitrogen 12 mg/dL Creatinine 1.1 mg/dL Creatine kinase 320 U/L Albumin 4.3 mg/dL Lactate dehydrogenase 307 U/L An esophagogastroduodenoscopy shows no abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms?

A 28-year-old graduate student visits the university health clinic for 3-weeks of epigastric pain that worsens with meals, associated with retrosternal pain, early satiety, and bloating. She denies vomiting blood or blood in her stool. She has been consuming large volumes of caffeinated-drinks and fast-food for a month, as she has been studying for her tests. Her family and personal history are unremarkable with no history of gastrointestinal cancer. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is only positive for a mild epigastric tenderness. Which of the following is the most appropriate approach in this case?