A 53-year-old man presents with a 2-year-history of dull, nonspecific flank pain that subsides with rest. His past medical history is significant for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. He has no allergies and takes no medications. His father died of kidney disease at the age of 51, and his mother has been treated for ovarian cancer. On presentation, his blood pressure is 168/98 mm Hg, and his heart rate is 102/min. Abdominal examination is significant for palpable bilateral renal masses. His laboratory tests are significant for creatinine of 2.0 mg/dL and a BUN of 22 mg/dL. Which of the following tests is most recommended in this patient?
Analytical vs non-analytical reasoning
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Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
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Pattern recognition in clinical reasoning
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Probabilistic reasoning
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Bayesian approach to diagnosis
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Decision making under uncertainty
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Cognitive biases in clinical reasoning
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Metacognition and diagnostic calibration
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Clinical decision rules
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Diagnostic parsimony (Occam's razor)
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Diagnostic thoroughness (Hickam's dictum)
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Diagnostic error analysis
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Integrating evidence-based medicine into reasoning
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