General Surgery Principles Practice Questions

Q: False about neurogenic shock

Raised JVP. ***Raised JVP*** - In neurogenic shock, **venous capacitance increases** due to loss of sympathetic tone, leading to **venous pooling in the periphery** and a **decreased central venous pressure** and JVP, not a raised JVP. - A raised JVP usually indicates **fluid overload** or **right heart failure**, which are not primary features of neurogenic shock. *Decreased cardiac output* - The **loss of sympathetic tone** in neurogenic shock leads to widespread vasodilation, which **decreases venous return** and subsequently **reduces preload** [1]. - A decrease in preload directly results in a **reduced stroke volume** and thus a **decreased cardiac output**. *Bradycardia* - Neurogenic shock often results from high spinal cord injury, which **disrupts sympathetic innervation** to the heart while leaving **parasympathetic innervation intact**. - This imbalance causes unopposed vagal activity, leading to **bradycardia** [1]. *Hypotension* - The primary mechanism of hypotension in neurogenic shock is **widespread peripheral vasodilation** due to the loss of **sympathetic vasomotor tone**. - This vasodilation leads to a **significant drop in systemic vascular resistance (SVR)**, causing severe hypotension [1].

Q: The incision in which rectus abdominis muscle is cut transversely is :

Maylard. ***Maylard*** - The **Maylard incision** involves **transverse cutting** (transection) of the **rectus abdominis muscles** to provide excellent pelvic exposure. - This muscle transection allows for superior **lateral access** and is commonly used in **gynecological oncology** procedures. *Kerr* - The **Kerr incision** is a **muscle-splitting technique** where the rectus abdominis muscles are **separated along their fibers**, not cut transversely. - Commonly used for **lower segment Cesarean sections**, preserving muscle integrity while providing adequate access. *Pfannenstiel* - The **Pfannenstiel incision** involves a **transverse skin incision** but the rectus muscles are **retracted laterally** after the anterior sheath is opened, not cut. - The muscles remain intact and are simply **separated in the midline** and moved aside, preserving muscle function and strength. *All of the options* - This is incorrect because **only the Maylard incision** actually involves transverse cutting of the rectus abdominis muscles. - The other incisions either split the muscles along fibers (Kerr) or retract them laterally (Pfannenstiel) without transection.

Q: Best solution to be used in hypovolemic shock is:

Ringer's Lactate solution.. ***Ringer's Lactate solution*** - This **isotonic crystalloid solution** is commonly used in hypovolemic shock because its electrolyte composition is similar to that of human plasma. [2] - The **lactate** component is metabolized by the liver to bicarbonate, which helps to buffer acidosis often associated with shock. [2] *Darrow's solution* - Darrow's solution is a **hypertonic solution** containing high concentrations of potassium, primarily used for severe dehydration and significant potassium deficits, not initial fluid resuscitation in hypovolemic shock. - Its high potassium content can be dangerous in patients with **renal impairment** or who are already hyperkalemic. *5% dextrose* - **5% dextrose in water (D5W)** is an initially isotonic solution, but the dextrose is quickly metabolized, making it effectively a hypotonic solution. [2] - It is primarily used to provide **free water** and is not effective for volume expansion in hypovolemic shock as it does not stay in the intravascular space. [2] *0.9% Nacl* - **0.9% normal saline** is an isotonic crystalloid often used for volume resuscitation but has a higher chloride content than plasma, which can lead to **hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis** with large volumes. [1], [2] - While it expands the intravascular space, Ringer's Lactate is often preferred in situations of significant blood loss or acidosis due to its more balanced electrolyte profile and buffering capacity. [2]

Q: For a midline incision in the abdomen, length of suture required is:

4 times the length of incision. ***4 times the length of incision*** - The standard recommendation for interrupted abdominal fascial closure is to use a **suture-to-wound length ratio** of approximately **4:1**. - This ratio ensures sufficient material for adequate fascial apposition, overlapping bites, and knots, which are crucial for preventing wound dehiscence. *3 times the length of incision* - A 3:1 suture-to-wound ratio might be insufficient for secure fascial closure, potentially leading to increased tension on the suture lines and a **higher risk of dehiscence**. - This ratio could be considered for very specific continuous closure techniques, but it's generally not recommended for standard interrupted closures. *2 times the length of incision* - A 2:1 ratio is generally considered **inadequate** for most fascial closures, especially in the abdomen. - This ratio would likely result in insufficient suture material, leading to very large bites and an insecure closure, significantly increasing the risk of **wound dehiscence** and **herniation**. *5 times the length of incision* - While it ensures enough material, a 5:1 ratio suggests using **excessive suture material** which might extend operating time. - Using significantly more suture than necessary offers no proven benefit in terms of wound security and can sometimes introduce more foreign material into the wound.

Q: Whitehead's varnish in gauze is used to arrest bleeding from:

Bleeding from bone.. ***Bleeding from bone*** - **Whitehead's varnish** contains **iodoform and benzoin** (iodoform in benzoin compound tincture), which have an **astringent and antiseptic** effect. - When applied to bleeding bone surfaces, it helps to **coagulate proteins** and promote **mechanical tamponade**, thereby arresting bleeding. - Commonly used in **oral and maxillofacial surgery** to control bleeding from bone cavities. *Bleeding from capillaries* - Capillary bleeding is usually **minor and self-limiting**, often controlled by **direct pressure** or simple absorbents. - Whitehead's varnish is typically reserved for more persistent bleeding from bony surfaces, not superficial capillaries. *Bleeding from skin* - Skin bleeding generally responds well to **direct pressure, simple dressings**, or **topical coagulants** if needed. - Whitehead's varnish is not a primary therapeutic agent for cutaneous bleeding; its formulation is specifically aimed at managing bone bleeding. *All of the options* - While it might theoretically have some effect on other types of bleeding, its **primary and specifically indicated use** is for bleeding from bone. - Applying it to all forms of bleeding would be **ineffective** or **inappropriate** given more conventional and targeted treatments available for capillary and skin bleeding.

Q: Abdominal compartment syndrome is characterized by the following except:

Oliguria due to ureter obstruction. ***Oliguria due to ureter obstruction*** - **Oliguria** in abdominal compartment syndrome is primarily due to **renal hypoperfusion** caused by increased intra-abdominal pressure compressing renal vasculature and reducing kidney blood flow, **not ureter obstruction**. - Increased intra-abdominal pressure can also cause direct **renal parenchymal compression** and activation of neurohormonal mechanisms, leading to reduced urine output. *Hypotension due to decrease in venous return* - Increased intra-abdominal pressure compresses the **inferior vena cava**, leading to reduced **venous return** to the heart. - This decreased preload results in a lower cardiac output and subsequent **hypotension**. - This is a **true characteristic** of abdominal compartment syndrome. *Hypoxia due to increased peak inspiratory pressure* - Elevated intra-abdominal pressure pushes the diaphragm upwards, leading to reduced **lung compliance** and **tidal volume**. - This increases the **peak inspiratory pressure** required to ventilate the lungs and can result in **hypoxia**. - This is a **true characteristic** of abdominal compartment syndrome. *Hypercarbia and respiratory acidosis* - The combination of **diaphragmatic splinting** and **reduced lung compliance** leads to impaired ventilation. - This causes inadequate carbon dioxide excretion, resulting in **hypercarbia** (elevated CO2) and subsequent **respiratory acidosis**. - This is a **true characteristic** of abdominal compartment syndrome.

Q: EUSOL solution used in treatment of venous ulcer contains all except

Sodium hydroxide. ***Sodium hydroxide*** - EUSOL (Edinburgh University Solution of Lime) solution is an antiseptic solution that traditionally contains equal parts of **bleaching powder (chlorinated lime)** and **boric acid**, dissolved in water. - **Sodium hydroxide** is not a component of the standard EUSOL solution formulation. *Boric acid* - **Boric acid** is a key ingredient in EUSOL solution, contributing to its antiseptic and mild astringent properties. - It helps to buffer the solution and enhance its stability. *Calcium hydroxide* - **Calcium hydroxide** is a component of **chlorinated lime**, which is used to generate sodium hypochlorite within the solution. - It is an indirect ingredient, as part of the bleaching powder. *Sodium hypochlorite* - **Sodium hypochlorite** is the active antiseptic agent formed when chlorinated lime reacts with water. - It provides the primary antimicrobial action against bacteria in wounds.

Q: The gold standard for definitive wound coverage in open wounds requiring tissue replacement is:

Skin grafting. ***Skin grafting*** - **Skin grafting** involves transplanting healthy skin from one area of the body to another to cover a wound. This is the **gold standard for definitive wound coverage** in open wounds requiring tissue replacement. - It provides **viable, vascularized tissue** that can permanently integrate with the wound bed, making it superior for large or deep wounds where other methods are insufficient. - Both **split-thickness skin grafts (STSG)** and **full-thickness skin grafts (FTSG)** are used depending on the wound characteristics and requirements. *Traditional dressings* - While essential for initial wound care, **traditional dressings (e.g., gauze)** primarily provide a protective barrier and absorb exudate, but they do not contribute to definitive tissue replacement for open wounds. - They are considered a staple for **temporary management** and healing by secondary intention, but not the "gold standard" for *replacing* lost tissue. *Synthetic skin substitutes* - These are **engineered materials** designed to mimic some functions of skin, providing a temporary or permanent cover. - While useful for **wound healing acceleration** or as a temporary bridge for grafting, they are not universally considered the **gold standard for definitive tissue replacement** in all open wounds as they may lack full integration or viability compared to native tissue. *Biological dressings* - These include materials derived from human or animal tissue (e.g., **allografts, xenografts**) that serve as temporary wound coverings. - Biological dressings help **prepare the wound bed** and promote healing but are often resorbed or rejected and typically need to be replaced by a permanent solution like skin grafting for definitive closure.

Q: A 43-year-old window cleaner fell off a scaffold. He sustained an open wound on the right leg. Debridement was carried out in the emergency department, and the edges of the wound were left open. Which factor is least likely to inhibit wound contraction?

Transforming growth factor β. ***Transforming growth factor β*** - **TGF-β** is a potent **pro-fibrotic cytokine** that plays a crucial role in promoting wound contraction and fibrosis by stimulating **fibroblast proliferation**, **myofibroblast differentiation**, and **collagen synthesis**. - Its presence and activity would *enhance* rather than inhibit wound contraction, making it the **least likely factor to inhibit** this process. - In wound healing, TGF-β is essential for the contraction phase and tissue remodeling. *Radiation* - **Ionizing radiation** can damage cells, including **fibroblasts** and **myofibroblasts**, which are essential for wound contraction. - This cellular damage and reduction in viable cells can significantly **impair** the contractile forces within the wound. - Radiation therapy is a known factor that inhibits wound healing and contraction. *Full-thickness skin graft* - A **full-thickness skin graft** introduces a complete layer of skin, including the dermis, into the wound. - The presence of the **dermis** within the graft provides a structural barrier and helps to **anchor the wound edges**, thereby reducing the tendency for contraction. - In contrast, **split-thickness grafts** allow more wound contraction due to less dermal tissue. *Cytolytic drug* - **Cytolytic drugs** are designed to kill cells, and if applied to a wound, they would destroy **fibroblasts** and **myofibroblasts**. - The destruction of these critical cells would directly **inhibit** the cellular machinery responsible for pulling the wound edges together, hence preventing contraction. - These drugs impair the proliferative phase of wound healing.

Question 1

False about neurogenic shock

Accepted Answer

Raised JVP

Answer

Decreased cardiac output

Answer

Bradycardia

Answer

Hypotension

Question 2

What is the advantage of fiberoptic bronchoscopy over rigid bronchoscopy?

Accepted Answer

Good view

Answer

Better airway control

Answer

Foreign body removal

Answer

In a sick child, it can be passed through an endotracheal tube

Question 3

The incision in which rectus abdominis muscle is cut transversely is :

Accepted Answer

Maylard

Answer

Kerr

Answer

Pfannenstiel

Answer

All of the options

Question 4

Best solution to be used in hypovolemic shock is:

Accepted Answer

Ringer's Lactate solution.

Answer

Darrow's solution.

Answer

5% dextrose.

Answer

0.9% Nacl.

Question 5

For a midline incision in the abdomen, length of suture required is:

Accepted Answer

4 times the length of incision

Answer

3 times the length of incision

Answer

2 times the length of incision

Answer

5 times the length of incision

Question 6

Whitehead's varnish in gauze is used to arrest bleeding from:

Accepted Answer

Bleeding from bone.

Answer

Bleeding from capillaries.

Answer

Bleeding from skin.

Answer

All of the options.

Question 7

Abdominal compartment syndrome is characterized by the following except:

Accepted Answer

Oliguria due to ureter obstruction

Answer

Hypotension due to decrease in venous return

Answer

Hypoxia due to increased peak inspiratory pressure

Answer

Hypercarbia and respiratory acidosis

Question 8

EUSOL solution used in treatment of venous ulcer contains all except

Accepted Answer

Sodium hydroxide

Answer

Boric acid

Answer

Calcium hydroxide

Answer

Sodium hypochlorite

Question 9

The gold standard for definitive wound coverage in open wounds requiring tissue replacement is:

Accepted Answer

Skin grafting

Answer

Traditional dressings

Answer

Synthetic skin substitutes

Answer

Biological dressings

Question 10

A 43-year-old window cleaner fell off a scaffold. He sustained an open wound on the right leg. Debridement was carried out in the emergency department, and the edges of the wound were left open. Which factor is least likely to inhibit wound contraction?

Accepted Answer

Transforming growth factor β

Answer

Radiation

Answer

Full-thickness skin graft

Answer

Cytolytic drug

General Surgery Principles — MCQs

General Surgery Principles — MCQs

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