Cardiovascular Radiology — MCQs

Cardiovascular Radiology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 121: What is the MOST common radiographic manifestation of acute papillary muscle rupture?

A. Pulmonary edema (Correct Answer)
B. Left atrial enlargement
C. Left ventricular enlargement
D. Pericardial effusion

Explanation: ***Pulmonary edema*** - Acute **papillary muscle rupture** leads to severe **mitral regurgitation**, causing a sudden increase in left atrial pressure. - This rapid rise in pressure is directly transmitted to the **pulmonary veins and capillaries**, resulting in the extravasation of fluid into the lungs, manifesting as **pulmonary edema** on chest X-ray. - This is the **most common radiographic finding** because the acute nature of the rupture causes immediate hemodynamic consequences affecting the pulmonary circulation. *Left atrial enlargement* - **Left atrial enlargement** typically develops over time in chronic mitral regurgitation due to sustained volume overload. - In acute papillary muscle rupture, the onset of mitral regurgitation is sudden, and there isn't sufficient time for the left atrium to undergo **significant remodeling and enlargement**. *Left ventricular enlargement* - **Left ventricular enlargement** is also a feature of chronic volume overload (e.g., chronic mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation). - Acute papillary muscle rupture causes sudden pressure overload on the left atrium and pulmonary circulation, and the **left ventricle has not yet had time to dilate** in response to the acute insult. *Pericardial effusion* - **Pericardial effusion** is an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac and is not a direct consequence of papillary muscle rupture. - While other cardiac pathologies like **myocardial infarction** (which can cause papillary muscle rupture) can sometimes be complicated by a small pericardial effusion, it is not the most common or direct radiographic manifestation of the rupture itself.

Question 122: Which X-ray finding is more characteristic of ASD compared to VSD?

A. Normal LA (Correct Answer)
B. Enlarged LA
C. Aortic shadow
D. Pulmonary Congestion

Explanation: ***Normal LA*** - In an uncomplicated **atrial septal defect (ASD)**, blood shunts from the left atrium to the right atrium, decompressing the left atrium. - This decompression results in a **normal-sized left atrium** on chest X-ray, distinguishing it from conditions with **left ventricular overload**. *Enlarged LA* - An **enlarged left atrium (LA)** is more characteristic of conditions causing **left-sided volume or pressure overload**, such as **ventricular septal defect (VSD)** with significant left-to-right shunt. - In VSD, blood shunts from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, increasing **pulmonary blood flow** and pressure, ultimately leading to LA enlargement. *Aortic shadow* - The **aortic shadow** on X-ray reflects the size and position of the aorta, and while some cardiac conditions can affect it, changes in its size are not a primary distinguishing feature between ASD and VSD. - A subtle **aortic knuckle** may be seen, but it does not differentiate the two defects. *Pulmonary Congestion* - While both ASD and VSD can cause increased **pulmonary blood flow**, **pulmonary congestion** (interstitial or alveolar edema) is more likely to be prominent in a **large VSD** due to the higher pressure shunt. - ASD typically leads to **pulmonary arterial hypertension** over time, but less frank congestion unless there's associated left-sided heart failure.

Question 123: In which of the following a 'Coeur en Sabot' shape of the heart is seen:

A. Transposition of great arteries
B. Ventricular septal defect
C. Tetralogy of Fallot (Correct Answer)
D. Tricuspid atresia

Explanation: ***Tetralogy of Fallot*** - The "Coeur en Sabot" or **boot-shaped heart** on a chest X-ray is characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot, due to **right ventricular hypertrophy** and an upturned apex with a prominent aorta. - This shape is caused by hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery and **right ventricular outflow tract obstruction**, leading to concentric right ventricular hypertrophy. *Transposition of great arteries* - Often presents with an **egg-on-a-string** appearance on chest X-ray due to a narrow vascular pedicle and cardiomegaly. - This condition involves the aorta originating from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left, leading to two parallel circulations. *Ventricular septal defect* - Chest X-rays typically show **cardiomegaly** and **increased pulmonary vascular markings** due to left-to-right shunting, but not a boot shape. - The defect allows blood to flow from the left ventricle to the right ventricle, increasing pulmonary blood flow. *Tricuspid atresia* - Chest X-ray may show a **mildly enlarged heart** with **decreased pulmonary vascularity** if the ventricular septal defect is small. - It involves the absence of the tricuspid valve, requiring an atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale for survival.

Question 124: In coarctation of aorta the rib changes are seen from:

A. 3-8th (Correct Answer)
B. 1-12th
C. 8-12th
D. 4-9th

Explanation: ***3-8th*** - In **coarctation of the aorta**, increased blood flow through dilated intercostal arteries causes **rib notching**, typically observed on chest X-rays. - This notching is most commonly seen on the inferior margins of the **3rd to 8th ribs** due to pressure erosion from enlarged collateral vessels. - The **first and second ribs are spared** because they are perfused by the costocervical trunk, which originates proximal to the coarctation site. - This is a **classic radiological sign** seen in longstanding coarctation with well-developed collateral circulation. *4-9th* - While notching can occasionally extend to the 9th rib, the range **4-9th** is not the standard teaching and misses the 3rd rib which is commonly affected. - Starting from the 4th rib would exclude the 3rd rib, which typically shows notching in established cases. *1-12th* - Notching is **not observed on all ribs** from 1st to 12th. - The **first two ribs are consistently spared** due to their blood supply from the costocervical trunk proximal to the coarctation. - The **lower ribs (10-12)** are also typically spared as they lack true posterior intercostal arteries. *8-12th* - This range is **too low** and misses the primary site of rib notching. - The notching pattern begins much higher (at the 3rd rib) and typically does not extend significantly beyond the 8th or 9th rib. - The lower floating ribs are not affected by the intercostal collateral circulation pattern.

Question 125: Flask shaped heart is seen in –

A. Pericardial effusion (Correct Answer)
B. TOF
C. Ebstein anomaly
D. TAPVC

Explanation: ***Pericardial effusion*** - A **"flask-shaped"** or **"water bottle-shaped" heart** on chest X-ray is a classic finding in significant pericardial effusion. - This appearance results from the accumulation of a large amount of fluid in the **pericardial sac**, which causes the cardiac silhouette to enlarge symmetrically and assume a globular shape. *TOF (Tetralogy of Fallot)* - TOF typically presents with a **"boot-shaped" heart** (coeur en sabot) on chest X-ray due to right ventricular hypertrophy and a concave pulmonary artery segment. - This morphology is distinctly different from the flask-shaped appearance of pericardial effusion. *Ebstein anomaly* - Ebstein anomaly is characterized by apical displacement of the tricuspid valve, leading to **massive right atrial enlargement**. - On chest X-ray, this often results in a **markedly enlarged oval-shaped heart**, which can be quite massive but does not typically have the distinct flask/water bottle shape. *TAPVC (Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection)* - TAPVC can present with different X-ray findings depending on the type, but a classic finding for the supracardiac type is a **"snowman" or "figure-of-8" heart** in children. - This appearance is due to the dilated superior vena cava and anomalous veins draining to it, not a flask shape.

Question 126: Snowman sign is seen in:

A. VSD
B. ASD
C. TGA
D. TAPVC (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***TAPVC*** - The **snowman sign**, or "figure-of-8" or "cottage loaf" heart, is characteristic of **supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)**. - It results from the **dilatation of the superior vena cava** and the abnormally draining pulmonary veins entering the innominate vein, forming the "head" of the snowman, combined with the normal cardiac silhouette forming the "body." *VSD* - **Ventricular septal defects (VSDs)** primarily cause left-to-right shunting and may lead to **cardiomegaly** and **pulmonary vascular congestion** but do not typically present with a snowman sign. - The characteristic echocardiographic finding for a VSD is a **defect in the interventricular septum** with turbulent flow. *ASD* - **Atrial septal defects (ASDs)** involve a shunt between the atria and typically manifest with **right ventricular enlargement** and **dilated pulmonary arteries**, but not the characteristic appearance of a snowman. - The chest X-ray in ASD may show **increased pulmonary vascular markings** and cardiomegaly, but not the specific suprasternal widening seen in TAPVC. *TGA* - **Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)** often presents with a **"egg-on-a-string" appearance** on chest X-ray due to a narrow vascular pedicle and cardiomegaly. - This is primarily due to the **aorta arising from the right ventricle** and the **pulmonary artery from the left ventricle**, leading to separate circulations and distinct radiographic findings from TAPVC.

Question 127: Egg on side appearance is seen in:

A. TAPVC
B. TGA (Correct Answer)
C. Ebstein anomaly
D. TOF

Explanation: ***TGA*** - Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) characteristically presents with a **narrow mediastinum** on chest X-ray, leading to the "egg on a string" or "egg on side" appearance. - This is due to the **aorta** and **pulmonary artery** being transposed, changing the typical vascular shadow. *TAPVC* - Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection (TAPVC) usually shows a **"snowman" or "figure-of-8" heart** on chest X-ray, particularly in the supracardiac type. - This results from the enlarged superior vena cava and anomalous pulmonary venous collector. *Ebstein anomaly* - Ebstein's anomaly involves downward displacement of the tricuspid valve, leading to a **massive cardiomegaly** and a typically **box-shaped heart** on chest X-ray. - This is caused by the atrialization of the right ventricle and subsequent right atrial enlargement. *TOF* - Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) classically presents with a **"boot-shaped heart" (coeur en sabot)** on chest X-ray. - This appearance is due to **right ventricular hypertrophy** and an upturned cardiac apex, along with a concave main pulmonary artery segment.

Question 128: Carotid atheromas may appear radiographically as:

A. Double vertical radio-opaque lines within the neck
B. Nodular radio-opaque mass
C. Both nodular radio-opaque mass and double vertical radio-opaque lines (Correct Answer)
D. None of the options

Explanation: ***Both nodular radio-opaque mass and double vertical radio-opaque lines*** - Carotid atheromas, which are calcified plaques, can appear as **nodular radio-opaque masses** on imaging due to their irregular shape and calcification. - They can also present as **double vertical radio-opaque lines** within the neck, representing the calcified walls of the carotid artery. *Double vertical radio-opaque lines within the neck* - This appearance suggests calcification along the walls of a tubular structure, consistent with **atherosclerosis** in the carotid artery. - While it correctly describes one possible appearance, it is not exhaustive of all radiographic presentations of carotid atheromas. *Nodular radio-opaque mass* - This description is accurate for a localized, often irregular calcified plaque within the carotid artery. - However, carotid atheromas can also extend along the vessel wall, leading to a more linear calcification pattern. *None of the options* - This option is incorrect because carotid atheromas are indeed visible radiographically and can manifest in the ways described in the other options. - **Calcified plaques** are a common finding in carotid arteries and are detectable using various imaging modalities.

Question 129: Lyre sign is seen in

A. Carcinoma maxilla
B. Carotid body tumor (Correct Answer)
C. Thyroglossal fistula
D. Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Explanation: ***Carotid body tumor*** - The **lyre sign** describes the splaying of the carotid artery bifurcation by a mass, which is characteristic of a **paraganglioma** originating from the **carotid body**. - This is best visualized on **angiography** or cross-sectional imaging, where the external and internal carotid arteries are pushed apart, resembling the shape of a lyre. *Carcinoma maxilla* - This refers to a **malignancy of the maxillary sinus** or bone, which typically presents with facial pain, swelling, epistaxis, or nasal obstruction. - It does not involve the carotid arteries and therefore would not exhibit a lyre sign. *Abdominal aortic aneurysm* - An **abdominal aortic aneurysm** is a localized dilation of the abdominal aorta, usually presenting as a pulsatile mass or back/abdominal pain. - This condition affects a different anatomical region and vascular system and has no association with the lyre sign. *Thyroglossal fistula* - A **thyroglossal fistula** is a congenital anomaly where a persistent tract connects the thyroid gland to the base of the tongue, often presenting as a midline neck mass or drainage. - This condition is located in the anterior neck and does not involve the carotid arteries or their bifurcation.

Question 130: The CT thorax image shows:

A. Descending aortic dissection
B. Aortic aneurysm
C. Ascending aortic dissection (Correct Answer)
D. Aortic coarctation

Explanation: ***Ascending aortic dissection*** - The CT image shows a **classic intimal flap** separating the true and false lumens in the ascending aorta, which is the hallmark feature of an aortic dissection. - This represents a **Stanford Type A dissection** involving the ascending aorta, which is a life-threatening emergency requiring **immediate surgical intervention** due to high risk of complications including rupture, cardiac tamponade, and acute aortic regurgitation. - The presence of the intimal flap creating two distinct channels (true and false lumens) is pathognomonic for dissection. *Descending aortic dissection* - While the intimal flap is characteristic of dissection, the image specifically shows involvement of the **ascending aorta** (proximal to the left subclavian artery), not the descending thoracic aorta. - Descending aortic dissections (Stanford Type B) are typically managed **medically** with blood pressure control, unlike ascending dissections which require surgery. *Aortic aneurysm* - An **aortic aneurysm** represents focal dilatation of the aortic wall (>50% increase in diameter) without separation of the intimal layers. - While aneurysms can be a risk factor for dissection, the key finding here is the **intimal flap dividing the lumen**, which defines dissection rather than simple aneurysmal dilatation. - The image does not show the uniform circumferential enlargement typical of aneurysms. *Aortic coarctation* - **Aortic coarctation** is a congenital narrowing of the aorta, typically located at the aortic isthmus (near the ligamentum arteriosum), distal to the left subclavian artery. - CT would show focal narrowing with pre-stenotic dilatation and collateral vessel formation, not an intimal flap. - This is a completely different pathology without the characteristic dissection flap seen in this image.

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