Psychiatric Assessment and Diagnosis — MCQs
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A young girl presents with a history of multiple episodes of loss of consciousness lasting for 20 minutes. These episodes occur only in front of family members and only during the daytime. There is no history of tongue biting or incontinence, and EEG and MRI studies are normal. What is the most appropriate management?
A patient tells psychiatrist: "My brain is missing. What is the point of me eating anything. I am already dead". The patient has which type of delusion?
La belle indifference is seen in?
Which of the following is not a formal thought disorder?
Absence seizures are characterized on EEG by:
Which of the following is true about Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation):
The following is suggestive of an organic cause of behavioral symptoms:
Persistent and inappropriate repetition of response beyond the point of relevance is called
A 16-year-old male is found to have a mental age of 9 years on I.Q. testing. He has -
Perseveration is -
Psychiatric Assessment and Diagnosis Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs
Question 411: A young girl presents with a history of multiple episodes of loss of consciousness lasting for 20 minutes. These episodes occur only in front of family members and only during the daytime. There is no history of tongue biting or incontinence, and EEG and MRI studies are normal. What is the most appropriate management?
- A. Treat with aversive therapy
- B. Insight-oriented psychotherapy (Correct Answer)
- C. Valproate
- D. Ketogenic diet
Explanation: ***Insight-oriented psychotherapy*** - The presentation strongly suggests **non-epileptic seizures (NES)**, also known as **psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES)**, which are usually of psychological origin. - **Insight-oriented psychotherapy** is the most appropriate management, aiming to address underlying psychological conflicts or stress that manifest as these episodes. *Treat with aversive therapy* - **Aversive therapy** is typically used for behavioral modification in conditions like substance abuse or paraphilias, where a negative stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior. - It is not indicated for **psychogenic non-epileptic seizures**, where the underlying cause is psychological distress rather than a learned undesirable behavior. *Valproate* - **Valproate** is an **antiepileptic drug** used to treat various types of seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic and absence seizures. - Since EEG and MRI are normal, and the clinical features (no tongue biting/incontinence, specific timing/audience) rule out epilepsy, antiepileptic medication like Valproate is **inappropriate**. *Ketogenic diet* - The **ketogenic diet** is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet used as a medical treatment for **drug-resistant epilepsy**, particularly in children. - Given that the episodes are **non-epileptic** and investigations are normal, a ketogenic diet would be ineffective and unnecessary.
Question 412: A patient tells psychiatrist: "My brain is missing. What is the point of me eating anything. I am already dead". The patient has which type of delusion?
- A. Nihilistic delusion (Correct Answer)
- B. Delusion of misidentification
- C. Bizarre Delusion
- D. Hypochondriacal Delusion
Explanation: ***Nihilistic delusion*** - The patient's statements ("**My brain is missing**," "**I am already dead**," "What is the point of me eating anything") are characteristic of **nihilistic delusions**, specifically Cotard's syndrome. - This type of delusion involves a belief in the non-existence of oneself, parts of one's body, or the entire world. *Delusion of misidentification* - This involves a belief that familiar people or objects have been replaced by imposters, or that someone is a different person entirely. - The patient's statements do not describe the misidentification of another person or object. *Bizarre Delusion* - While the statements could be considered bizarre, **bizarre delusions** are defined as clearly implausible, not understandable, and not derived from ordinary life experiences (e.g., aliens implanted a chip in my brain). - Nihilistic delusions, especially in the context of Cotard's syndrome, are a specific subtype of delusion that can be bizarre, but "nihilistic delusion" is a more precise characterization here. *Hypochondriacal Delusion* - This involves a false belief of having a severe disease despite medical reassurance. - While there is a physical component to the delusion ("my brain is missing"), the overarching theme of non-existence and being dead goes beyond a simple preoccupation with illness.
Question 413: La belle indifference is seen in?
- A. Depression
- B. Cotard syndrome
- C. Conversion disorder (Correct Answer)
- D. Schizophrenia
Explanation: ***Conversion disorder*** - **La belle indifference** refers to a patient's unconcerned attitude towards their symptoms, which are often dramatic, and is a classic but not pathognomonic feature of conversion disorder. - In **conversion disorder**, psychological stress is "converted" into physical symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory function, such as paralysis or blindness, without a neurological explanation. *Depression* - Patients with depression typically exhibit significant **distress** and concern over their symptoms, such as **sadness**, loss of interest, and functional impairment. - The emotional state in depression is characterized by dysphoria and often includes pronounced feelings of **helplessness** and **hopelessness**. *Cotard syndrome* - Is a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by a **nihilistic delusion**, where a person believes they are dead, do not exist, or have lost their organs or blood. - Patients with Cotard syndrome often show severe **anxiety**, **distress**, and sometimes withdrawal, rather than indifference to their bizarre symptoms. *Schizophrenia* - Patients with schizophrenia may display a range of emotional responses, including **flat affect** or **inappropriate affect**, but not typically "la belle indifference." - Their symptoms often include **hallucinations**, **delusions**, and disorganized thought, which usually cause significant impairment and distress, sometimes leading to significant isolation or perceived threats.
Question 414: Which of the following is not a formal thought disorder?
- A. Neologism
- B. Derailment
- C. Tangentiality
- D. Delusion (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Delusion*** - A **delusion** is a **fixed, false belief** that is firmly held despite clear evidence to the contrary and is not consistent with the person's cultural or religious background. It is a **disorder of thought content**, not thought form or process. - While delusions are a hallmark symptom of many psychotic disorders, they represent what a person thinks, rather than how they think. *Neologism* - **Neologism** refers to the **creation of new, nonsensical words or phrases** that are intelligible only to the person coining them. - This is a formal thought disorder because it reflects a break in the conventional structure and coherence of language. *Derailment* - **Derailment**, also known as **loose associations**, is a thought disorder where the person's thoughts shift from one topic to another in a way that is loosely connected or completely unrelated. - This represents a disruption in the logical flow and organization of ideas, making it a formal thought disorder. *Tangentiality* - **Tangentiality** is a thought disorder where the person **strays from the main topic** and never returns to the original point or answers the question asked. - It reflects an inability to maintain focused thought and is a formal thought disorder related to the process of thinking.
Question 415: Absence seizures are characterized on EEG by:
- A. Generalized polyspikes
- B. Hypsarrhythmia
- C. 1-2 Hz spike & wave
- D. 3 Hz spike and wave (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***3 Hz spike and wave*** - **Absence seizures** are classically characterized by a **generalized, synchronous 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharge** pattern on EEG. - This pattern is seen bilaterally and symmetrically, reflecting the generalized nature of the seizure. *Generalized polyspikes* - **Generalized polyspikes** (multiple spikes) are often associated with other types of generalized seizures, such as **myoclonic seizures**, rather than typical absence seizures. - While reflecting generalized activity, the specific **3 Hz spike-and-wave** is the hallmark of absence seizures. *Hypsarrhythmia* - **Hypsarrhythmia** is a chaotic, high-amplitude, irregular pattern seen in **infantile spasms** (West syndrome), not absence seizures. - It is characterized by random high-voltage slow waves and spikes in all derivations. *1-2 Hz spike & wave* - A **slow spike-and-wave pattern (1-2.5 Hz)** is typically associated with **Lennox-Gastaut syndrome**, a severe epileptic encephalopathy. - This differs significantly from the faster **3 Hz spike-and-wave** characteristic of typical absence seizures.
Question 416: Which of the following is true about Intellectual Disability (Mental Retardation):
- A. Severe MR is IQ <20
- B. Antenatal factor can cause mental retardation (Correct Answer)
- C. More common in female than male
- D. All of the options
Explanation: ***Antenatal factor can cause mental retardation*** - Many causes of **intellectual disability** (ID) are due to events or conditions that occur during the **prenatal period**, affecting fetal brain development. - Examples include genetic disorders like **Down syndrome**, intrauterine infections (rubella, CMV, toxoplasmosis), maternal substance abuse, and exposure to teratogens. - This is the **correct answer**. *Severe MR is IQ <20* - According to most diagnostic criteria, **severe intellectual disability** is typically defined by an **IQ score between 20-34** (DSM-5) or 20-39 (ICD-10). - An IQ score below 20 is generally classified as **profound intellectual disability**, not severe. *More common in female than male* - **Intellectual disability** is generally found to be **more common in males than in females** (approximately 1.3-1.6:1 ratio). - This male predominance is observed across various levels of severity and is partly attributed to X-linked genetic disorders (e.g., Fragile X syndrome). *All of the options* - Since only the first option (antenatal factors) is correct, and the other two options are incorrect, this option cannot be true.
Question 417: The following is suggestive of an organic cause of behavioral symptoms:
- A. Auditory hallucinations
- B. Formal thought disorder
- C. Prominent visual hallucinations (Correct Answer)
- D. Delusion of guilt
Explanation: ***Prominent visual hallucinations*** - The presence of prominent **visual hallucinations** is highly suggestive of an organic etiology, such as **delirium**, dementia, or substance intoxication/withdrawal. - While visual hallucinations can rarely occur in primary psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia, they are typically less prominent and often accompanied by a more complex symptom profile. *Auditory hallucinations* - **Auditory hallucinations**, particularly third-person or command hallucinations, are a hallmark symptom of primary psychotic disorders like **schizophrenia**. - While they can occur in organic conditions, they are less specific to organic causes than visual hallucinations. *Formal thought disorder* - **Formal thought disorder**, characterized by disorganized speech (e.g., loose associations, tangentiality, incoherence), is a core feature of **schizophrenia** and other primary psychotic disorders. - While cognitive impairment from organic causes can affect thought processes, a clinically significant formal thought disorder is more commonly associated with primary psychiatric illness. *Delusion of guilt* - A **delusion of guilt** is a false, fixed belief that one is responsible for a bad outcome or crime, often seen in severe **depressive episodes with psychotic features** or severe forms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. - This symptom is typical of primary psychiatric disorders rather than being a primary indicator of an organic cause.
Question 418: Persistent and inappropriate repetition of response beyond the point of relevance is called
- A. Thought insertion
- B. Neologism
- C. Thought block
- D. Perseveration (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Perseveration*** - **Perseveration** is the **inappropriate repetition of a response** (e.g., word, phrase, or gesture) beyond the point of relevance or despite the absence of a stimulus. - This symptom is often seen in conditions affecting the **frontal lobes**, such as **organic brain disorders**, **schizophrenia**, or following stroke. *Thought insertion* - **Thought insertion** is a **delusional belief** that one's thoughts are not their own but have been placed into their mind by an external source. - It is a **first-rank symptom of schizophrenia** and reflects a profound disturbance in the sense of self and agency. *Neologism* - A **neologism** is the **creation of new words** or the idiosyncratic use of existing words, often unintelligible to others. - This is a feature of **disorganized speech** commonly observed in conditions like **schizophrenia**. *Thought block* - **Thought block** is the sudden and abrupt cessation of the stream of thought, often in mid-sentence, leaving the person with no idea what they were about to say. - The individual may then resume speaking on an unrelated topic; it is also a **first-rank symptom of schizophrenia**.
Question 419: A 16-year-old male is found to have a mental age of 9 years on I.Q. testing. He has -
- A. Profound intellectual disability
- B. Severe intellectual disability
- C. Mild intellectual disability (Correct Answer)
- D. Moderate intellectual disability
Explanation: ***Mild intellectual disability*** - A mental age of 9 years in a 16-year-old corresponds to an **IQ range of 50-69**, which falls under the definition of **mild intellectual disability**. - Individuals in this category typically achieve a **sixth-grade academic level** and can often live independently with appropriate support. *Profound intellectual disability* - This is characterized by an **IQ below 20**, meaning a mental age significantly lower than 9 years, even for a child. - Individuals require **constant supervision** and have very limited communication and motor skills. *Severe intellectual disability* - This category is associated with an **IQ of 20-34**, corresponding to a mental age typically below 6 years. - Individuals often have **minimal communication skills** and require daily supervision. *Moderate intellectual disability* - This is defined by an **IQ of 35-49**, which would result in a mental age significantly lower than 9 years for a 16-year-old. - Individuals can develop some communication and self-care skills but generally need **substantial support** throughout their lives.
Question 420: Perseveration is -
- A. When a patient feels very distressed about it
- B. Characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)
- C. Characteristic of schizophrenia
- D. Persistent and inappropriate repetition of the same thoughts (Correct Answer)
Explanation: ***Persistent and inappropriate repetition of the same thoughts*** - **Perseveration** refers to the **involuntary and inappropriate repetition** of a thought, word, or action. - This symptom is often observed in various neurological and psychiatric conditions, indicating a **breakdown in cognitive control and inhibition**. *When a patient feels very distressed about it* - While patients can feel distressed by perseveration, distress is not a defining characteristic of perseveration itself; rather, it is a **possible emotional response** to the symptom. - The core of perseveration is the **inability to shift thoughts or actions**, regardless of the emotional impact. *Characteristic of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)* - While patients with **OCD** experience repetitive thoughts (**obsessions**), these are usually ego-dystonic and intrusive rather than simply a persistent repetition of a response after the stimulus has ceased or changed. - **Perseveration** is a broader neurocognitive symptom and differs from the specific nature of obsessions in OCD, which are often characterized by internal resistance and anxiety. *Characteristic of schizophrenia* - **Perseveration** can occur in schizophrenia, particularly in thought and speech patterns; however, it is not an exclusive or defining characteristic of schizophrenia. - Other phenomena like **loosening of associations**, **thought blocking**, or **delusions** are more characteristic of schizophrenia, while perseveration can be seen across a range of conditions, including organic brain disorders.
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Clinical Interview Techniques
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Mental Status Examination
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Diagnostic Formulation
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Rating Scales and Questionnaires
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Psychological Testing
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Neuropsychological Assessment
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Risk Assessment
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Laboratory Investigations in Psychiatry
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Neuroimaging in Clinical Assessment
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Cultural Considerations in Assessment
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Developmental Assessment
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Diagnostic Classification Systems
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