Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practice Questions

Q: IQ is commonly categorized as:

Mild intellectual disability. **Explanation:** Intellectual Disability (ID) is classified based on Intelligence Quotient (IQ) scores, which measure cognitive functioning. According to the ICD-10 and DSM-5 criteria, the categorization is as follows: * **Mild Intellectual Disability (IQ 50–70):** This is the correct answer. Individuals in this category constitute about 85% of the ID population. They are considered "educable," usually achieving up to a 6th-grade academic level and can live independently with minimal support. * **Moderate Intellectual Disability (IQ 35–49):** These individuals are "trainable." They can acquire communication skills and perform semi-skilled work under supervision but rarely progress beyond 2nd-grade academic levels. * **Severe Intellectual Disability (IQ 20–34):** These individuals have very limited communication skills and require significant supervision and support for self-care and daily activities. * **Profound Intellectual Disability (IQ <20):** This group requires 24-hour nursing care and constant supervision. They often have associated neurological conditions. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** 1. **Borderline Intelligence:** Refers to an IQ range of **71–84**. 2. **Average IQ:** The mean IQ is **100**, with a standard deviation of 15. 3. **Diagnosis:** Diagnosis of ID requires both an IQ below 70 and significant deficits in **adaptive functioning** (conceptual, social, and practical domains) manifesting before age 18. 4. **Most Common Cause:** The most common genetic cause of ID is **Down Syndrome**, while the most common inherited cause is **Fragile X Syndrome**. The most common preventable cause is **Fetal Alcohol Syndrome**.

Q: Which neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by impaired social interaction, impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior?

Autism. ### Explanation **Correct Option: A. Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder - ASD)** Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by a classic "triad" of impairments (as per DSM-IV) or two core domains (as per DSM-5). The diagnosis is based on: 1. **Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction:** This includes difficulty with social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors (e.g., eye contact, gestures), and developing/maintaining relationships. 2. **Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities:** This includes stereotyped motor movements (e.g., hand flapping), insistence on sameness, and highly fixated interests. **Why Incorrect Options are Wrong:** * **B. Anxiety disorder:** Characterized by excessive fear or worry and physical symptoms of autonomic arousal; it does not inherently involve deficits in social communication or repetitive motor behaviors. * **C. Antisocial personality disorder:** A Cluster B personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others. It is diagnosed only after age 18. * **D. Paranoid schizophrenia:** A psychotic disorder characterized by delusions and hallucinations. While social withdrawal occurs, it lacks the early developmental onset and specific repetitive behavioral patterns of ASD. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Age of Onset:** Symptoms must be present in the **early developmental period** (typically recognized by age 2–3). * **Screening Tool:** **M-CHAT** (Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers) is commonly used. * **Prognosis:** The best predictors of long-term outcome are **IQ** and **communicative language development** by age 5. * **Associated Condition:** Approximately 30% of children with ASD develop **Seizures/Epilepsy**. * **Gender:** More common in **males** (approx. 4:1 ratio).

Q: Which of the following childhood disorders typically improves with increasing age?

Temper tantrum. **Explanation:** **Correct Option: C. Temper tantrum** Temper tantrums are considered a **normal developmental phase** in young children, typically peaking between the ages of **2 and 4 years**. They occur because toddlers have limited verbal skills to express frustration and a developing sense of autonomy. As the child’s language skills improve, emotional regulation matures, and social coping mechanisms develop, these episodes naturally decrease in frequency and intensity. Therefore, temper tantrums typically improve and resolve with increasing age. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **A. Conduct Disorder:** This is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior where the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms are violated. Without intervention, it often persists into adulthood, frequently evolving into **Antisocial Personality Disorder**. * **B. Emotional Problems:** Conditions like childhood anxiety or depression do not follow a predictable pattern of improvement with age. In many cases, untreated childhood emotional disorders can worsen or predispose the individual to chronic psychiatric morbidity in adulthood. * **C. Sleep Disorders:** While some issues like night terrors may resolve, many childhood sleep disorders (e.g., insomnia, sleep apnea, or delayed sleep phase) can persist or change in presentation rather than simply improving as a rule of maturation. **High-Yield Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Breath-holding spells:** Another common behavioral phenomenon in toddlers (6 months to 2 years) that also typically improves with age. * **Red Flag:** If temper tantrums persist beyond age 5, are unusually frequent (multiple times a day), or involve self-harm, they may indicate underlying ADHD, ODD, or Autism Spectrum Disorder. * **Management:** The primary management for simple temper tantrums is **anticipatory guidance** and **behavioral extinction** (ignoring the behavior while ensuring the child's safety).

Q: Tourette syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

Tics. **Explanation:** **Tourette Syndrome (TS)** is a neurodevelopmental disorder primarily characterized by the presence of **multiple motor tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic** that have persisted for more than one year, with an onset before age 18. Tics are sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movements or vocalizations. This makes **Option B** the definitive diagnostic feature. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Option A (ADHD):** While ADHD is the **most common comorbidity** associated with Tourette Syndrome (occurring in about 60% of cases), it is not a defining characteristic of the syndrome itself. * **Option C (Autism Spectrum Disorder):** ASD involves deficits in social communication and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior. While both are neurodevelopmental, they are distinct clinical entities. * **Option D (Intellectual Disability):** Most individuals with Tourette Syndrome have a normal range of intelligence. ID is not a feature or a common association of the disorder. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Diagnostic Criteria:** Multiple motor + ≥1 vocal tic; duration >1 year; onset <18 years. * **Common Comorbidities:** ADHD (most common), followed by Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). * **Premonitory Urge:** Patients often describe an uncomfortable sensory urge (like an itch) that is relieved by performing the tic. * **Coprolalia:** The involuntary utterance of obscene words occurs in only about 10-15% of cases (often overemphasized in exams). * **Treatment:** * First-line non-pharmacological: **CBIT** (Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics). * Pharmacological: Alpha-2 agonists (Clonidine, Guanfacine) or Antipsychotics (Haloperidol, Pimozide, Risperidone).

Q: Who proposed the psychosocial stages of development?

Erikson. **Explanation:** **Erik Erikson** proposed the **Psychosocial Theory of Development**, which suggests that personality develops in a predetermined order through **eight stages** from infancy to adulthood. Unlike Freud’s focus on psychosexual stages, Erikson emphasized the impact of social experience and conscious thought. Each stage is characterized by a "psychosocial crisis" (e.g., Trust vs. Mistrust) that serves as a turning point in development. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **B. Eugen Bleuler:** A Swiss psychiatrist known for coining the term **"Schizophrenia"** and defining its "4 As" (Association, Affect, Ambivalence, and Autism). * **C. Sigmund Freud:** The father of psychoanalysis who proposed the **Psychosexual stages of development** (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, and Genital). * **D. Konrad Lorenz:** An ethologist famous for his work on **Imprinting** and the "Critical Period" in animal behavior, which influenced attachment theory. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Stage 1 (0–1 yr):** Trust vs. Mistrust (Virtue: **Hope**). * **Stage 5 (12–18 yrs):** Identity vs. Role Confusion (Virtue: **Fidelity**). This is the most frequently tested stage in adolescent psychiatry. * **Stage 8 (Late Adulthood):** Integrity vs. Despair (Virtue: **Wisdom**). * **Key Distinction:** Freud’s theory ends at adolescence, whereas Erikson’s theory covers the **entire lifespan**.

Question 1

IQ is commonly categorized as:

Accepted Answer

Mild intellectual disability

Answer

Moderate intellectual disability

Answer

Severe intellectual disability

Answer

Profound intellectual disability

Question 2

Which neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by impaired social interaction, impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior?

Accepted Answer

Autism

Answer

Anxiety disorder

Answer

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer

Paranoid schizophrenia

Question 3

Which of the following childhood disorders typically improves with increasing age?

Accepted Answer

Temper tantrum

Answer

Conduct disorder

Answer

Emotional problems

Answer

Sleep disorder

Question 4

Tourette syndrome is characterized by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Tics

Answer

Attention deficit disorder

Answer

Autism spectrum disorder

Answer

Intellectual disability

Question 5

Who proposed the psychosocial stages of development?

Accepted Answer

Erikson

Answer

Bleuler

Answer

Freud

Answer

Lorenz

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry — MCQs

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry — MCQs

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