Anticancer Drugs Practice Questions

Q: Secondary leukemias are caused by

Alkylating agents. ***Alkylating agents*** - **Alkylating agents**, such as **cyclophosphamide**, **chlorambucil**, **melphalan**, and **busulfan**, are highly associated with the development of secondary leukemias, particularly **acute myeloid leukemia (AML)** and **myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)**. - They cause **DNA damage** by forming covalent bonds with DNA, leading to mutations and chromosomal aberrations (especially deletions of chromosomes 5 and 7) that can promote leukemogenesis. - The latency period is typically **5-7 years** after exposure, and the risk is dose-dependent. *Antimetabolites* - **Antimetabolites**, like **methotrexate** and **5-fluorouracil**, interfere with **DNA replication** and repair but are less frequently linked to secondary leukemias compared to alkylating agents. - While they can cause bone marrow suppression, their mechanism of action typically involves disrupting nucleotide synthesis rather than directly inducing the specific chromosomal changes seen in secondary leukemias. *Vinca alkaloids* - **Vinca alkaloids**, such as **vincristine** and **vinblastine**, primarily target **microtubule formation** and inhibit cell division, often used in cancer chemotherapy. - They are not a significant cause of secondary leukemias; instead, they primarily cause **neurotoxicity** and bone marrow suppression as side effects. *Actinomycin D* - **Actinomycin D** (dactinomycin) acts by intercalating into **DNA** and inhibiting RNA synthesis, making it an **antitumor antibiotic**. - While it is a potent chemotherapy agent with various side effects, it is not a primary cause of **secondary leukemias**, which are predominantly associated with alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors.

Q: Radiosensitizers are all Except

Amifostine. ***Amifostine*** - Amifostine is a **radioprotector**, meaning it helps protect healthy tissues from the damaging effects of radiation. - It does this by selectively scavenging **free radicals** in normal cells, reducing radiation-induced toxicity. *Metronidazole* - **Metronidazole** is a well-known **radiosensitizer**, particularly effective in hypoxic (low-oxygen) tumor environments. - It enhances the effectiveness of radiation therapy by forming **toxic free radicals** when metabolized in hypoxic cells, thereby increasing DNA damage. *Nimorazole* - **Nimorazole** is another **nitroimidazole radiosensitizer**, similar in action to metronidazole. - It is used to improve the outcome of radiation therapy in certain cancers, especially in **hypoxic tumors**, by increasing their sensitivity to radiation. *Cisplatin* - **Cisplatin** is a platinum-based **chemotherapeutic agent** that also acts as a potent **radiosensitizer**. - It enhances the cytotoxic effects of radiation by interfering with **DNA repair mechanisms** and inducing DNA damage more effectively when combined with radiation.

Q: Leucovorin is used for side effect reduction in which anticancer drug?

Methotrexate. ***Methotrexate*** - **Leucovorin rescue** is a critical adjunct therapy for **methotrexate** to prevent severe toxicity. - Methotrexate is a **folate antagonist**, and leucovorin (folinic acid) provides a reduced folate form that bypasses the blocked enzyme, restoring normal cellular function and protecting healthy cells. - This is true **"rescue therapy"** - leucovorin protects normal cells from methotrexate toxicity. *Cisplatin* - **Cisplatin** is a platinum-based chemotherapy drug primarily associated with **nephrotoxicity** and **ototoxicity**. - Its side effects are managed with **hydration, amifostine**, and antiemetics, not leucovorin. *5-FU* - **5-FU (5-fluorouracil)** is a pyrimidine analog that can cause severe **myelosuppression** and **gastrointestinal toxicity**. - While leucovorin is used WITH 5-FU (e.g., in colorectal cancer regimens), it serves to **enhance/potentiate** 5-FU's cytotoxic effect through biochemical modulation, NOT to rescue from toxicity. - This is the key distinction: leucovorin + 5-FU = **potentiation**; leucovorin + methotrexate = **rescue**. *Adriamycin* - **Adriamycin (doxorubicin)** is an **anthracycline antibiotic** known for causing **cardiotoxicity** and **myelosuppression**. - **Dexrazoxane** is used to prevent Adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity, not leucovorin.

Q: Which of the following drugs act by inhibiting DNA replication?

6-Mercaptopurine. ***6-Mercaptopurine*** - This drug is a **purine analog** that acts as an **antimetabolite**, directly interfering with the **synthesis of purine nucleotides** required for DNA replication. - By inhibiting enzymes like **PRPP amidotransferase** and getting incorporated into DNA as a fraudulent nucleotide, it blocks the **de novo synthesis** pathway, preventing normal DNA replication. - This represents **direct inhibition of DNA synthesis** at the nucleotide building block level. *Mitomycin C* - This agent is an **alkylating agent** that **cross-links DNA** strands, causing DNA damage that prevents strand separation. - While it does prevent DNA replication, its mechanism is through **DNA damage and structural disruption** rather than inhibition of the DNA synthesis machinery itself. - It acts by damaging already-formed DNA rather than preventing new DNA synthesis. *Actinomycin D* - Actinomycin D is an **intercalating agent** that inserts itself between DNA base pairs, primarily **inhibiting RNA synthesis** by blocking RNA polymerase movement. - While it binds to DNA, its primary therapeutic action is on **transcription (RNA synthesis)**, not direct inhibition of DNA replication. *Asparaginase* - Asparaginase is an enzyme that **depletes asparagine** from the blood, which is an essential amino acid for certain cancer cells (e.g., leukemic cells). - Its mechanism is to starve cancer cells of asparagine, leading to **inhibition of protein synthesis**, not DNA replication.

Q: Which antineoplastic agent is known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis?

Cyclophosphamide. ***Cyclophosphamide*** - Cyclophosphamide is an **alkylating agent** that forms highly reactive metabolites, such as **acrolein**, which is excreted in the urine and causes direct irritation and damage to the bladder urothelium, leading to **hemorrhagic cystitis**. - This toxicity can be mitigated by co-administration of **mesna** (2-mercaptoethane sulfonate sodium), which inactivates acrolein in the bladder, and aggressive intravenous hydration. *Methotrexate* - Methotrexate is a **folate antagonist** primarily known for causing **myelosuppression**, **mucositis**, and **hepatotoxicity**. - While it can cause renal toxicity at high doses due to precipitation in renal tubules, it is not typically associated with hemorrhagic cystitis. *Cisplatin* - Cisplatin is a **platinum-based chemotherapy agent** with significant **nephrotoxicity** and **ototoxicity** as its dose-limiting toxicities. - It also commonly causes profound nausea and vomiting but is not a primary cause of hemorrhagic cystitis. *Vincristine* - Vincristine is a **vinca alkaloid** that interferes with microtubule formation, primarily known for causing **peripheral neuropathy** (e.g., foot drop, paresthesias, constipation due to autonomic neuropathy) and is a vesicant. - It does not typically cause hemorrhagic cystitis; its bone marrow toxicity is generally less severe compared to other chemotherapeutic agents.

Q: Which of the following drugs is not associated with significant cardiotoxicity?

Cisplatin. ***Cisplatin*** - While cisplatin is associated with various toxicities, including **nephrotoxicity** and **neurotoxicity**, significant **cardiotoxicity** (like cardiomyopathy or severe arrhythmias) is much less common compared to the other listed agents. - Its primary cardiac effects are often indirect, such as electrolyte disturbances, or less severe, making it the least cardiotoxic among the options. *5-Fluorouracil* - This drug is known to cause **coronary vasospasm**, leading to **angina** or **myocardial infarction** in some patients. - The cardiotoxicity can manifest as **ischemic events** and **arrhythmias**, particularly during or shortly after infusion. *Cyclophosphamide* - High doses of cyclophosphamide can induce **hemorrhagic myocarditis** and **congestive heart failure**, particularly in the setting of bone marrow transplantation. - It causes direct myocardial damage and can lead to rapid-onset cardiac dysfunction. *Doxorubicin* - Doxorubicin is a well-known cause of **dose-dependent cardiomyopathy**, which can lead to **irreversible heart failure**. - Its cardiotoxicity can be acute (arrhythmias, pericarditis-myocarditis syndrome) or chronic (dilated cardiomyopathy).

Q: Which chemotherapy drug functions by alkylating DNA, resulting in strand breaks and ultimately leading to cancer cell death?

Cyclophosphamide. ***Cyclophosphamide*** - **Cyclophosphamide** is an **alkylating agent** that forms covalent bonds with DNA, leading to DNA cross-linking and strand breaks. - This **DNA damage** prevents cell replication and triggers apoptosis in rapidly dividing cancer cells. *Methotrexate* - **Methotrexate** is an **antimetabolite** that inhibits **dihydrofolate reductase**, thereby blocking DNA synthesis. - Its primary mechanism is interfering with **folate metabolism**, not direct DNA alkylation. *Paclitaxel* - **Paclitaxel** is a **microtubule-stabilizing agent** that promotes microtubule assembly and prevents their disassembly. - This action blocks cell division during metaphase, but it does not involve DNA alkylation. *Vincristine* - **Vincristine** is a **vinca alkaloid** that inhibits microtubule formation by binding to tubulin. - This prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle, arresting cells in metaphase, and does not involve direct DNA modification.

Q: A patient receiving cisplatin for chemotherapy develops renal impairment. Which of the following drugs is least likely to cause nephrotoxicity?

Bleomycin. ***Bleomycin*** - **Bleomycin** is an antineoplastic agent known for its primary toxicity to the **lungs (pulmonary fibrosis)** and skin, with nephrotoxicity being very rare [1]. - Its mechanism of action involves DNA strand scission, but its elimination is primarily renal without causing significant damage to the **kidneys**. *Cisplatin* - **Cisplatin** is a highly nephrotoxic agent, causing acute tubular necrosis, and is a well-known cause of **renal impairment** in chemotherapy patients [2]. - The patient in the stem is described as receiving cisplatin and developing renal impairment, indicating its potent nephrotoxic potential. *Carboplatin* - **Carboplatin** is an analog of cisplatin and is also **nephrotoxic**, although its nephrotoxicity is generally less severe than that of cisplatin [2]. - It is still a significant concern, and regular monitoring of kidney function is required during treatment. *Methotrexate* - **Methotrexate**, especially at high doses, can cause **acute kidney injury** due to the precipitation of its metabolites in the renal tubules, leading to obstruction. - This nephrotoxicity can be mitigated by adequate hydration and **urinary alkalinization**.

Q: Hand and foot syndrome is caused by which of the following drugs?

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU). ***5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)*** - **Hand-foot syndrome (HFS)**, also known as palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, is a common and dose-limiting dermatological toxicity of 5-FU. - It presents with **redness, swelling, pain, and blistering** on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. *Vincristine* - This drug is primarily associated with **neurotoxicity**, causing peripheral neuropathy with symptoms like paresthesias, weakness, and loss of reflexes. - It does not typically cause hand-foot syndrome, which is a specific dermatological reaction. *Cisplatin* - Cisplatin is known for its **nephrotoxicity** (kidney damage), ototoxicity (hearing loss), and severe nausea and vomiting. - While it can cause some dermatological side effects, hand-foot syndrome is not a characteristic or common adverse event associated with cisplatin. *Azathioprine* - Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant often used in autoimmune diseases and transplant patients, and its main side effects include **myelosuppression** (bone marrow suppression), liver dysfunction, and gastrointestinal issues. - It is not implicated in causing hand-foot syndrome.

Question 1

Secondary leukemias are caused by

Accepted Answer

Alkylating agents

Answer

Antimetabolites

Answer

Vinca alkaloids

Answer

Actinomycin D

Question 2

Radiosensitizers are all Except

Accepted Answer

Amifostine

Answer

Metronidazole

Answer

Nimorazole

Answer

Cisplatin

Question 3

Leucovorin is used for side effect reduction in which anticancer drug?

Accepted Answer

Methotrexate

Answer

Cisplatin

Answer

5-FU

Answer

Adriamycin

Question 4

Which of the following statements is not true about tamoxifen?

Accepted Answer

Tamoxifen is useful in post-menopausal and aromatase inhibitors in premenopausal patients.

Answer

It can cause endometrial carcinoma.

Answer

It is used for visceral metastasis.

Answer

Dose is 20 mg for 5 years.

Question 5

Which of the following drugs act by inhibiting DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

6-Mercaptopurine

Answer

Mitomycin C

Answer

Actinomycin D

Answer

Asparaginase

Question 6

Which antineoplastic agent is known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis?

Accepted Answer

Cyclophosphamide

Answer

Methotrexate

Answer

Cisplatin

Answer

Vincristine

Question 7

Which of the following drugs is not associated with significant cardiotoxicity?

Accepted Answer

Cisplatin

Answer

5-Fluorouracil

Answer

Cyclophosphamide

Answer

Doxorubicin

Question 8

Which chemotherapy drug functions by alkylating DNA, resulting in strand breaks and ultimately leading to cancer cell death?

Accepted Answer

Cyclophosphamide

Answer

Methotrexate

Answer

Paclitaxel

Answer

Vincristine

Question 9

A patient receiving cisplatin for chemotherapy develops renal impairment. Which of the following drugs is least likely to cause nephrotoxicity?

Accepted Answer

Bleomycin

Answer

Cisplatin

Answer

Carboplatin

Answer

Methotrexate

Question 10

Hand and foot syndrome is caused by which of the following drugs?

Accepted Answer

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)

Answer

Vincristine

Answer

Cisplatin

Answer

Azathioprine

Anticancer Drugs — MCQs

Anticancer Drugs — MCQs

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