Gastroenterology — MCQs

Gastroenterology Indian Medical PG Practice Questions and MCQs

Question 301: A young child presents with a palpable mass in the lower right quadrant. Imaging confirms intussusception. Which part of the intestine most commonly acts as the intussusceptum (telescoping segment)?

A. Duodenum
B. Jejunum
C. Ileum (Correct Answer)
D. Colon

Explanation: ***Ileum*** - The **ileocolic region** is the most common site for intussusception in children (60-80% of cases), where the **ileum acts as the intussusceptum** (telescoping segment) that invaginates into the cecum/colon (intussuscipiens). - This is particularly true in children aged 6 months to 3 years, often linked to **hypertrophied Peyer's patches** acting as a lead point. - The classic presentation includes a **palpable "sausage-shaped" mass** in the right upper quadrant and **"currant jelly" stools**. *Duodenum* - Duodenal intussusception is **extremely rare** and accounts for less than 1% of cases. - When it occurs, it is usually associated with specific pathological lead points such as **polyps, tumors, or duplication cysts**. *Jejunum* - Jejunojejunal intussusception is possible but **much less frequent** than ileocolic type. - It typically occurs in association with a **pathological lead point** such as Meckel's diverticulum, polyp, or lymphoma. - More common in older children when a lead point is identified. *Colon* - While the colon (cecum) serves as the **receiving segment (intussuscipiens)** in the most common ileocolic type, primary **colocolic intussusception** is relatively uncommon in children. - Colocolic intussusception often suggests a **pathological lead point** such as a polyp, lymphoma, or other mass lesion.

Question 302: A 6-year-old boy presents with fever, abdominal pain, and a palpable mass in the left lower quadrant. An abdominal ultrasound reveals intussusception. What is the most appropriate initial management?

A. Intravenous fluids (Correct Answer)
B. Pneumatic (air) enema reduction under fluoroscopic guidance
C. Surgical intervention
D. Observation

Explanation: ***Intravenous fluids*** - **Initial management** of intussusception requires **stabilization and resuscitation** before any definitive intervention. - **IV fluids** are essential to correct **dehydration** (from vomiting), restore **circulatory volume**, and stabilize the patient. - The presence of **fever** in this case raises concern for potential **complications** (perforation, peritonitis, bowel compromise), making stabilization even more critical. - Standard approach: **Resuscitate → Stabilize → Definitive treatment** (pneumatic reduction or surgery). - **IV fluid resuscitation** is the **first step** in the ABC (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) management protocol. *Pneumatic (air) enema reduction under fluoroscopic guidance* - This is the **definitive treatment** for uncomplicated intussusception in stable children, not the **initial** management. - **Pneumatic or hydrostatic enema** has high success rates (70-90%) for reducing intussusception when performed after patient stabilization. - **Contraindications** include: signs of perforation, peritonitis, shock, or hemodynamic instability (which must be addressed first with IV fluids). - The procedure should only be attempted **after adequate resuscitation** and stabilization. *Surgical intervention* - **Surgery** is indicated when: non-operative reduction fails, contraindications to enema reduction exist (perforation, peritonitis, shock unresponsive to resuscitation), or there's suspected pathological lead point (more common in children >5 years). - At age 6 years, the possibility of a **pathological lead point** (lymphoma, Meckel's diverticulum, polyp) should be considered. - Surgery involves manual reduction or bowel resection if necrotic segments are present. *Observation* - **Intussusception is a surgical emergency** requiring prompt intervention to prevent bowel ischemia, necrosis, perforation, and sepsis. - **Observation alone** is inappropriate and would lead to progression of bowel compromise, increased morbidity, and mortality. - Delayed treatment increases the risk of irreversible bowel damage requiring extensive resection.

Question 303: A 6-month-old infant presents with projectile vomiting and a palpable olive-shaped mass in the abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Pyloric stenosis (Correct Answer)
B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease
C. Intussusception
D. Hirschsprung disease

Explanation: ***Pyloric stenosis*** - The classic presentation of **projectile vomiting** and a **palpable olive-shaped mass** in an infant is highly characteristic of pyloric stenosis. - This condition involves **hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle**, obstructing gastric outflow. *Gastroesophageal reflux disease* - While common in infants, **GERD** typically presents with spitting up or non-projectile vomiting and does not cause a palpable abdominal mass. - Vomiting in GERD is usually effortless and not forceful as described. *Intussusception* - **Intussusception** presents with intermittent abdominal pain, **currant jelly stools**, and sometimes a sausage-shaped mass, not an olive-shaped mass, and the vomiting is typically bilious, not projectile. - It usually occurs at a slightly older age than pyloric stenosis, often between 6 months and 3 years. *Hirschsprung disease* - **Hirschsprung disease** is characterized by **constipation** and abdominal distension, often presenting with delayed passage of meconium. - Vomiting, if present, is typically bilious or feculent, and there is no palpable olive-shaped mass associated with this condition.

Question 304: A previously healthy 4-year-old boy presents with sudden onset of abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea after recently returning from a camping trip. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A. Appendicitis
B. Hemolytic uremic syndrome
C. Infectious gastroenteritis (Correct Answer)
D. Intussusception

Explanation: ***Infectious gastroenteritis*** - The combination of **sudden onset bloody diarrhea** and **abdominal pain** following a **camping trip** strongly suggests bacterial gastroenteritis from contaminated food or water. - Common bacterial pathogens include **E. coli O157:H7** (from undercooked meat or contaminated water), **Shigella**, **Salmonella**, and **Campylobacter**. - The epidemiological context (camping) and clinical presentation (acute bloody diarrhea) make this the most likely diagnosis. *Appendicitis* - While appendicitis causes **abdominal pain**, it typically presents with **periumbilical pain** migrating to the right lower quadrant, **fever**, and **anorexia**. - Appendicitis does **not** present with profuse bloody diarrhea as a primary symptom. - The camping trip exposure and diarrhea-predominant presentation make infectious gastroenteritis more likely. *Hemolytic uremic syndrome* - HUS is a **complication** that can develop following infection with **E. coli O157:H7**, characterized by the triad of **thrombocytopenia**, **microangiopathic hemolytic anemia**, and **acute kidney injury**. - While bloody diarrhea is often the **initial prodrome**, HUS represents the subsequent systemic complication, not the acute gastrointestinal illness itself. - The question asks for the most likely diagnosis at this presentation, which is the infectious gastroenteritis, not yet HUS. *Intussusception* - Intussusception typically presents with **intermittent, colicky abdominal pain** (cyclical pattern every 15-20 minutes) and **'currant jelly' stool** (blood mixed with mucus). - Classic age group is **6 months to 3 years**, and patients often appear lethargic between pain episodes. - The **camping trip exposure**, **continuous bloody diarrhea** (rather than intermittent currant jelly stool), and age make infectious gastroenteritis more likely.

Question 305: A 1-year-old child weighing 6 kg is suffering from acute gastroenteritis with signs of sunken eyes and skin pinch returning to normal very rapidly. What will be your management?

A. RL infusion 120 ml in the first hour followed by 360 ml in the next 5 hours
B. RL infusion 180 ml in the first hour followed by 480 ml in the next 5 hours
C. RL infusion 240 ml in the first hour followed by 360 ml in the next 5 hours
D. RL infusion 180 ml in the first hour followed by 270 ml in the next 5 hours (Correct Answer)

Explanation: ***RL infusion 180 ml in the first hour followed by 270 ml in the next 5 hours*** - The child shows signs of **some dehydration** (sunken eyes, skin pinch returning very rapidly). According to **WHO Plan B**, some dehydration requires **75 ml/kg over 6 hours** for rehydration. - For a 6 kg child: **75 × 6 = 450 ml total** - **Distribution:** 30 ml/kg in first hour (180 ml) + 45 ml/kg over next 5 hours (270 ml) - This option provides exactly **450 ml (180 + 270)**, perfectly matching WHO guidelines for some dehydration *RL infusion 120 ml in the first hour followed by 360 ml in the next 5 hours* - First hour: 120 ml = only **20 ml/kg**, which is **below the recommended 30 ml/kg** initial bolus for some dehydration - Total volume: **480 ml** exceeds the required **450 ml** for a 6 kg child - Incorrect fluid distribution pattern for WHO Plan B *RL infusion 180 ml in the first hour followed by 480 ml in the next 5 hours* - First hour volume is correct at **30 ml/kg (180 ml)** - However, next 5 hours: **480 ml = 80 ml/kg**, far exceeding the recommended **45 ml/kg** - Total: **660 ml** significantly exceeds **450 ml**, risking **fluid overload** in a small child *RL infusion 240 ml in the first hour followed by 360 ml in the next 5 hours* - Initial rate: **240 ml = 40 ml/kg** is appropriate for **severe dehydration (WHO Plan C)**, not some dehydration - This child shows **some dehydration** signs, not severe (no lethargy, unconsciousness, or very slow skin pinch) - Total: **600 ml** exceeds the **450 ml** requirement, indicating overtreatment for this clinical scenario

Question 306: Meconium ileus is associated with:

A. Cystic fibrosis (Correct Answer)
B. Infant of diabetic mother
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Hirschsprung disease

Explanation: ***Cystic fibrosis*** - **Meconium ileus** is a classic presenting symptom in approximately 10-20% of newborns with **cystic fibrosis** (CF). - In CF, abnormal tenacious secretions from the pancreatic glands lead to thick, inspissated meconium that obstructs the small intestine, typically at the terminal ileum. - This is often the earliest manifestation of CF and requires surgical intervention. *Infant of diabetic mother* - Infants of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for various complications, including **macrosomia**, **hypoglycemia**, and **respiratory distress syndrome**. - They are not typically associated with meconium ileus; intestinal obstruction in these infants is more commonly related to **small left colon syndrome**. *Hypothyroidism* - **Congenital hypothyroidism** can cause symptoms like feeding difficulties, lethargy, and **constipation**, but it does not cause meconium ileus. - The constipation in hypothyroidism is due to decreased gastrointestinal motility, not an inspissated meconium plug. *Hirschsprung disease* - **Hirschsprung disease** presents with intestinal obstruction due to absence of ganglion cells in the distal colon, leading to **failure to pass meconium** within 48 hours. - Unlike meconium ileus (which involves thick, inspissated meconium in CF), Hirschsprung disease is a functional obstruction due to **aganglionic segment** and is not associated with abnormal meconium consistency.

Question 307: Most common cause of severe hematemesis in a child is:

A. Mallory-Weiss syndrome
B. Portal hypertension (Correct Answer)
C. Gastritis
D. Peptic ulcer

Explanation: ***Portal hypertension*** - Portal hypertension with **esophageal or gastric varices** is the **most common cause of severe/massive hematemesis** in children. - Varices develop due to **increased portal pressure** from conditions like **biliary atresia**, **cirrhosis**, **portal vein thrombosis**, or **extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO)**. - Variceal bleeding is characteristically **sudden, massive, and life-threatening**, distinguishing it from other causes of upper GI bleeding. - The bleeding occurs when thin-walled dilated veins rupture under pressure. *Peptic ulcer* - While peptic ulcer disease is a **common cause of hematemesis** in children, it typically presents with **chronic, intermittent, or mild-to-moderate bleeding** rather than severe massive hematemesis. - Causes include ***Helicobacter pylori* infection** and **NSAID use**. - Bleeding from ulcers tends to be less dramatic than variceal hemorrhage. *Mallory-Weiss syndrome* - This involves a **mucosal tear** at the gastroesophageal junction from forceful **vomiting or retching**. - Usually causes **mild-to-moderate hematemesis**, rarely severe bleeding. - More common in adolescents with repeated vomiting. *Gastritis* - **Acute erosive gastritis** can cause hematemesis but is usually **mild**. - Causes include stress, medications, or infections. - Does not typically cause the massive bleeding seen with varices.

Question 308: Total colonic aganglionosis is a variant of?

A. Crohn's disease
B. Ulcerative colitis
C. Hirschsprung's disease (Correct Answer)
D. Tropical sprue

Explanation: ***Hirschsprung's disease*** - Total colonic aganglionosis is a severe form of **Hirschsprung's disease**, characterized by the *absence of ganglion cells* throughout the entire colon and often into the distal small bowel. - This congenital condition results from the failure of **neural crest cells** to migrate completely during fetal development, leading to a functional obstruction. *Crohn's disease* - This is a *chronic inflammatory bowel disease* that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, causing **transmural inflammation** and skip lesions. - It is not characterized by the absence of ganglion cells but rather by an abnormal immune response. *Ulcerative colitis* - This is another *inflammatory bowel disease* that primarily affects the **colon and rectum**, causing continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. - It does not involve the absence of ganglion cells and is distinguished by different pathological features from Hirschsprung's disease. *Tropical sprue* - This is a *malabsorption syndrome* characterized by *chronic diarrhea* and nutrient deficiencies, typically affecting individuals in tropical regions. - It is caused by an environmental enteric infection and subsequent damage to the small intestinal mucosa, not by aganglionosis.

Question 309: What is the most common cause of acute abdominal pain in children?

A. Constipation
B. Gastroenteritis (Correct Answer)
C. Mesenteric adenitis
D. Appendicitis

Explanation: ***Gastroenteritis*** - **Gastroenteritis** is the **most common cause** of acute abdominal pain in children across all age groups. - Presents with crampy, diffuse abdominal pain accompanied by **vomiting and/or diarrhea**, which are the hallmark features. - The abdominal pain is typically colicky, related to intestinal inflammation and increased peristalsis. - Usually self-limiting and often preceded by exposure to contaminated food/water or sick contacts. *Constipation* - **Constipation** is the **second most common cause** of acute abdominal pain in children. - Presents with cramping lower abdominal pain due to retained stool causing distension and discomfort. - Can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, sometimes mimicking other acute conditions. - History typically reveals infrequent or hard stools. *Appendicitis* - **Appendicitis** is the **most common surgical cause** of acute abdominal pain but less common overall than medical causes. - Classic presentation: periumbilical pain migrating to the **right lower quadrant (McBurney's point)**. - Associated with fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and localized tenderness with guarding. - Requires prompt surgical intervention to prevent perforation. *Mesenteric adenitis* - **Mesenteric adenitis** involves inflamed mesenteric lymph nodes and is less common than the above causes. - Can mimic appendicitis with right lower quadrant pain but typically less localized. - Often preceded by or concurrent with a **viral upper respiratory tract infection**. - Usually self-limiting with supportive management.

Question 310: Which of the following statements about Reye syndrome is false?

A. Hepatomegaly
B. Hypoglycemia
C. Jaundice (Correct Answer)
D. Associated with salicylate ingestion

Explanation: ***Jaundice*** - This is the **FALSE statement** and therefore the **correct answer** to this question. - **Jaundice is typically ABSENT** in Reye syndrome, despite significant liver dysfunction, which is a key differentiating feature from other severe liver diseases. - The liver damage in Reye syndrome manifests as **microvesicular steatosis**, impaired metabolic function, and elevated transaminases, but usually **without the hyperbilirubinemia** that causes jaundice. *Hepatomegaly* - This is a **TRUE statement** about Reye syndrome (incorrect answer choice). - **Hepatomegaly** (enlarged liver) is a common finding in Reye syndrome due to extensive **fatty infiltration** of liver cells. - This **microvesicular steatosis** is a hallmark pathological feature of the condition. *Hypoglycemia* - This is a **TRUE statement** about Reye syndrome (incorrect answer choice). - **Hypoglycemia** is a frequent and serious complication of Reye syndrome, especially in children, due to **impaired gluconeogenesis** in the damaged liver. - The liver's inability to produce and release glucose contributes to the encephalopathy observed in affected individuals. *Associated with salicylate ingestion* - This is a **TRUE statement** about Reye syndrome (incorrect answer choice). - Reye syndrome is strongly associated with administration of **salicylates** (e.g., aspirin) during viral infections (e.g., influenza, varicella) in children and adolescents. - This association led to public health campaigns advising against aspirin use in pediatric viral illnesses.

Practice by Chapter

Gastroesophageal Reflux

Practice Questions

Peptic Ulcer Disease

Practice Questions

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Practice Questions

Celiac Disease

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Malabsorption Syndromes

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Acute and Chronic Diarrhea

Practice Questions

Constipation and Encopresis

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Gastrointestinal Bleeding

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Intestinal Obstruction

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Liver Diseases in Children

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Pancreatic Disorders

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Pediatric Nutritional Support

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