Cardiology Practice Questions

Q: Which of the following congenital heart diseases is associated with cyanosis, except?

Atrial septal defect with mitral stenosis. ### Explanation The core concept in pediatric cardiology is distinguishing between **Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD)** and **Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease**. **Why Option D is Correct:** **Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) with Mitral Stenosis** is clinically known as **Lutembacher Syndrome**. In this condition, the mitral stenosis increases left atrial pressure, which further augments the **left-to-right shunt** through the ASD. Since oxygenated blood is moving from the left side to the right side of the heart, there is no mixing of deoxygenated blood into the systemic circulation; hence, the patient remains **acyanotic**. **Why the Other Options are Incorrect:** * **A. Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA):** This is a classic CCHD where the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle, creating two parallel circuits. Cyanosis is inevitable and severe. * **B. Single Ventricle:** This represents a "common mixing" lesion. Whether or not pulmonic stenosis is present, deoxygenated systemic venous return and oxygenated pulmonary venous return mix in a single chamber before being pumped to the body, causing cyanosis. * **C. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS):** This is a critical CCHD where the left-sided structures are underdeveloped. Systemic perfusion depends on the ductus arteriosus, and mixing of blood occurs at the atrial level, leading to cyanosis. **NEET-PG High-Yield Pearls:** * **Lutembacher Syndrome:** Defined as the combination of acquired Mitral Stenosis (usually rheumatic) and a congenital ASD (usually Secundum type). * **The 5 T’s of Cyanotic Heart Disease:** TGA, Tetralogy of Fallot, Truncus Arteriosus, Tricuspid Atresia, and Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVC). * **Admixture Lesions:** Single ventricle and HLHS are categorized as "mixing lesions" which always present with some degree of arterial desaturation.

Q: A 5-year-old boy is referred to a pediatric cardiologist after a check-up at his GP revealed he had a murmur consistent with aortic regurgitation. What is the MOST likely cause of this defect?

Ventricular septal defect. **Explanation:** The correct answer is **Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)**. While aortic regurgitation (AR) is classically associated with rheumatic heart disease in adults, in a pediatric patient with a congenital VSD, it occurs due to the **Venturi effect**. Subpulmonic (doubly committed) or perimembranous VSDs located just below the aortic valve create a high-velocity jet. This creates negative pressure that "sucks" the right coronary cusp of the aortic valve into the defect (valve prolapse), leading to progressive aortic regurgitation. This is a high-yield association for NEET-PG known as the **Laubry-Pezzi syndrome**. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Atrial Septal Defect (ASD):** ASDs typically present with a fixed splitting of the second heart sound (S2) and a systolic ejection murmur over the pulmonary area; they do not cause AR. * **Rheumatic Fever:** While a leading cause of acquired valvular disease (Mitral Regurgitation > Aortic Regurgitation), it is less common in a 5-year-old compared to the mechanical complications of a congenital VSD in this age group. * **Cardiomyopathy:** Dilated cardiomyopathy may cause functional mitral or tricuspid regurgitation due to annular stretching, but it is not a primary cause of isolated AR in children. **Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Most common type of VSD:** Perimembranous. * **VSD + AR:** Most commonly seen in **Subpulmonic (Supracristal) VSDs**. * **Indication for Surgery:** The presence of even mild aortic valve prolapse or AR in a child with VSD is a strong indication for early surgical closure to prevent permanent valve damage.

Q: Which congenital heart disease most commonly causes death within the first week of life?

Hypoplastic left ventricle. **Explanation:** **Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)** is the most common cause of death from congenital heart disease (CHD) in the first week of life. In HLHS, the left side of the heart (mitral valve, left ventricle, and aorta) is severely underdeveloped. The systemic circulation becomes entirely dependent on the **Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)**. As the ductus begins to close physiologically within the first few days of life, the systemic perfusion fails, leading to rapid circulatory collapse, metabolic acidosis, and death if not intervened upon immediately. **Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD):** While it is the most common CHD overall, it rarely causes symptoms or death in the first week. Symptoms of heart failure typically appear at 4–6 weeks as pulmonary vascular resistance drops. * **Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF):** This is the most common *cyanotic* CHD after infancy. However, neonates are usually stable at birth unless there is severe pulmonary atresia. Death in the first week is rare. * **Ebstein’s Anomaly:** While it can cause severe right-sided failure and cyanosis in neonates, it is significantly less common than HLHS and is not the leading cause of early neonatal mortality. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Most common CHD overall:** VSD. * **Most common Cyanotic CHD (overall):** Tetralogy of Fallot. * **Most common Cyanotic CHD (at birth/neonatal period):** Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA). * **Ductal-dependent lesions:** HLHS, Coarctation of Aorta, and TGA require Prostaglandin E1 (Alprostadil) to maintain ductal patency for survival.

Q: What is true regarding secondary prophylaxis of a 6-year-old child with carditis?

Duration of prophylaxis is until 25 years of age. The secondary prophylaxis of Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) is a high-yield topic for NEET-PG, governed by the **Revised Jones Criteria (WHO/AHA guidelines)**. The duration of prophylaxis depends on the severity of the initial episode and the presence of residual valvular damage. ### **Explanation of the Correct Answer** In this case, the child has **Rheumatic Fever with Carditis but no residual valvular disease**. According to the guidelines: * **Carditis present, but no residual heart disease (no valvular damage):** Prophylaxis is required for **10 years or until 25 years of age**, whichever is longer. * Since the child is 6 years old, 10 years would only reach age 16. Therefore, the prophylaxis must continue until the age of **25 years** to ensure adequate protection during the period of highest risk for recurrence. ### **Analysis of Incorrect Options** * **Option A (Lifelong):** This is reserved for patients with **severe valvular disease** or those who have undergone prosthetic valve replacement. * **Option B (18 years):** This does not align with any standard RHD guideline. The minimum age for any carditis case is 25. * **Option C (5 years):** This is the duration for Rheumatic Fever **without carditis** (5 years or until age 21, whichever is longer). ### **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG** | Clinical Scenario | Duration of Prophylaxis | | :--- | :--- | | **RF without Carditis** | 5 years or until 21 years of age | | **RF with Carditis (No Valvular Lesion)** | 10 years or until 25 years of age | | **RF with Carditis + Persistent Valvular Disease** | 10 years or until 40 years of age (sometimes lifelong) | * **Drug of Choice:** Injection **Benzathine Penicillin G** (1.2 million units IM every 3–4 weeks). * **Oral Alternative:** Penicillin V (250 mg BD) or Erythromycin (if allergic to Penicillin).

Q: Which of the following statements regarding Tetralogy of Fallot is incorrect?

The second heart sound (S2) is single.. **Explanation:** In Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), the **Second Heart Sound (S2) is typically single**. This occurs because the pulmonary component (P2) is either extremely soft or absent due to severe infundibular pulmonary stenosis and the posterior displacement of the hypoplastic pulmonary artery. The audible sound is primarily the aortic component (A2), which may be loud as the aorta is "overriding" and closer to the chest wall. Therefore, Option A is a **correct statement** regarding TOF. **Analysis of other options:** * **Option B (The murmur is loud):** The characteristic murmur in TOF is a loud **ejection systolic murmur** heard at the left mid-to-upper sternal border. It is caused by flow across the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction, not the VSD (which is typically large and non-restrictive). * **Option C (Congestive Cardiac Failure):** This is **incorrect** for TOF. CCF is rare in TOF because the large VSD acts as a "pressure-release valve," allowing the right ventricle to shunt deoxygenated blood into the aorta. The ventricles work at systemic pressures but are not volume-overloaded. If a child with suspected TOF presents with CCF, consider an alternative diagnosis like an associated PDA or Anemia. * **Option D (Cardiomegaly):** This is also **incorrect**. TOF is classically associated with a **normal-sized heart** on X-ray. The "boot-shaped" heart (Coeur en sabot) is due to an upturned apex (RV hypertrophy) and a concave pulmonary segment, not global cardiomegaly. **Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** 1. **Cyanotic Spells:** Managed by Knee-chest position, Oxygen, Morphine, and Beta-blockers (Propranolol). 2. **X-ray Finding:** Boot-shaped heart with oligemic lung fields. 3. **ECG:** Right axis deviation and Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH). 4. **Most common cyanotic heart disease** after the first year of life.

Q: Which of the following statements about rheumatic fever is FALSE?

It is a communicable disease.. ### Explanation **Why Option C is the Correct (False) Statement:** Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) is **not a communicable disease**. While the inciting event is an infection by Group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (GABS), ARF itself is a **delayed, non-suppurative autoimmune sequela**. It results from "molecular mimicry," where antibodies produced against the streptococcal M-protein cross-react with host tissues (heart, joints, brain). You cannot "catch" rheumatic fever from another person; you can only catch the preceding streptococcal pharyngitis. **Analysis of Other Options:** * **Option A:** ARF is strongly associated with **lower socioeconomic status**. Overcrowding, poor hygiene, and limited access to healthcare increase the transmission of GABS, thereby increasing the incidence of ARF. * **Option B:** ARF typically develops **2–4 weeks following streptococcal pharyngitis**. Notably, it does *not* follow streptococcal skin infections (impetigo), unlike post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN), which can follow both. * **Option D:** The peak incidence of ARF is in children aged **5 to 15 years**. It is rare in children under 3 years of age, likely due to a less developed immune response to the GABS antigen. **High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Jones Criteria:** Diagnosis is clinical, based on Revised Jones Criteria (Major: Joint/Polyarthritis, Carditis, Nodules, Erythema marginatum, Sydenham chorea). * **Most Common Valve Involved:** Mitral valve (Mitral Regurgitation in acute phase; Mitral Stenosis in chronic phase). * **Prophylaxis:** Benzathine Penicillin G is the drug of choice for both primary and secondary prevention. * **Aschoff Bodies:** Pathognomonic histological finding in the myocardium.

Q: A child presents with a history of mental retardation. On examination, findings include dolichocephaly, low-set ears, micrognathia, clenched hands with overlapping fingers, simian crease, and rocker-bottom feet. What is the most common cardiac lesion expected in this patient?

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD). ### Explanation **Diagnosis: Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)** The clinical presentation described—**dolichocephaly** (prominent occiput), **low-set ears**, **micrognathia**, **clenched hands with overlapping fingers** (2nd and 5th fingers over 3rd and 4th), and **rocker-bottom feet**—is classic for **Edwards Syndrome (Trisomy 18)**. **1. Why VSD is the Correct Answer:** Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in over 90% of infants with Edwards Syndrome. Among these, **Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)** is the most common cardiac lesion. It is frequently associated with polyvalvular disease (involving the mitral or aortic valves). **2. Analysis of Incorrect Options:** * **Atrial Septal Defect (ASD):** While ASDs occur in Edwards Syndrome, they are less frequent than VSDs. ASD (specifically Ostium Primum type) is more characteristically associated with **Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)**. * **Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA):** PDA is common in Edwards Syndrome and is a hallmark of **Congenital Rubella Syndrome**, but it ranks second to VSD in Trisomy 18. * **Pulmonary Stenosis:** This is a component of Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) or seen in **Noonan Syndrome**, but it is not the primary lesion in Edwards Syndrome. **3. High-Yield Clinical Pearls for NEET-PG:** * **Trisomy 21 (Down):** Most common CHD is **Endocardial Cushion Defect** (AVSD), followed by VSD. * **Trisomy 13 (Patau):** Presents with midline defects (holoprosencephaly, cleft lip/palate, polydactyly). Most common CHD is **VSD**. * **Turner Syndrome (45,XO):** Most common CHD is **Bicuspid Aortic Valve** (most common overall) and **Coarctation of the Aorta** (classic exam answer). * **Williams Syndrome:** Associated with **Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis**. * **DiGeorge Syndrome:** Associated with **Truncus Arteriosus** and interrupted aortic arch.

Question 1

Which of the following congenital heart diseases is associated with cyanosis, except?

Accepted Answer

Atrial septal defect with mitral stenosis

Answer

Complete transposition of the great arteries

Answer

Single ventricle with or without pulmonic stenosis

Answer

Hypoplastic left heart

Question 2

A 5-year-old boy is referred to a pediatric cardiologist after a check-up at his GP revealed he had a murmur consistent with aortic regurgitation. What is the MOST likely cause of this defect?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect

Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Rheumatic fever

Answer

Cardiomyopathy

Question 3

A two-year-old boy presents with episodes of becoming dusky. On examination, there was central cyanosis and clubbing. There was no pallor, edema, or respiratory distress. The heart was normal sized with a parasternal heave. A systolic thrill was palpable over the left middle sternal border. The first heart sound was normal, and only the aortic component was audible in the second heart sound. The liver was not enlarged. What is the likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

Congenital methemoglobinemia

Answer

Eisenmenger syndrome

Answer

Aortic stenosis

Question 4

Which congenital heart disease most commonly causes death within the first week of life?

Accepted Answer

Hypoplastic left ventricle

Answer

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Answer

Ebstein's anomaly

Question 5

What is true regarding secondary prophylaxis of a 6-year-old child with carditis?

Accepted Answer

Duration of prophylaxis is until 25 years of age

Answer

Duration of prophylaxis is lifelong

Answer

Duration of prophylaxis is until 18 years of age

Answer

Duration of prophylaxis is at least 5 years after onset

Question 6

Which of the following statements regarding Tetralogy of Fallot is incorrect?

Accepted Answer

The second heart sound (S2) is single.

Answer

The murmur of Tetralogy of Fallot is loud.

Answer

Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot will develop congestive cardiac failure in the near future.

Answer

With age, the condition proceeds to cardiomegaly.

Question 7

An 11-day-old neonate presented with difficulty in breathing, poor feeding, and sweating during feeding. On examination, weak femoral pulses, bounding radial pulses, radio-femoral delay, a loud S2, systolic ejection clicks or thrills in the suprasternal notch were noted. A systolic murmur was heard along the left sternal border at the 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces, transmitting to the left infrascapular area and to the neck. Arterial blood gas of the lower limbs revealed severe acidosis compared to the upper limbs, and SpO2 (upper limb) > SpO2 (lower limb). Chest X-ray findings are not specified. Which of the following needs to be given urgently to the neonate to save their life?

Accepted Answer

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)

Answer

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)

Answer

Prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha)

Answer

Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2)

Question 8

Which of the following statements about rheumatic fever is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

It is a communicable disease.

Answer

It is common in individuals from lower socioeconomic groups.

Answer

It typically develops following streptococcal pharyngitis.

Answer

It is commonly observed in children aged 5 to 15 years.

Question 9

A child presents with a history of mental retardation. On examination, findings include dolichocephaly, low-set ears, micrognathia, clenched hands with overlapping fingers, simian crease, and rocker-bottom feet. What is the most common cardiac lesion expected in this patient?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Answer

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

Answer

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Answer

Pulmonary stenosis

Question 10

What is the most important determinant in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Accepted Answer

Sub-pulmonic stenosis

Answer

Right Ventricular Hypertrophy (RVH)

Answer

Pansystolic murmur

Answer

Enlargement of the heart

Cardiology — MCQs

Cardiology — MCQs

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