Cardiology Practice Questions

Q: A 4-month-old infant with cyanosis and cardiomegaly: What is the most likely diagnosis?

Transposition of Great Arteries. ***Transposition of Great Arteries*** - This condition presents with **cyanosis** and **cardiomegaly** in early infancy due to the aorta arising from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left ventricle, causing parallel circulations. - The severe cyanosis often requires immediate intervention (e.g., **PGE1 infusion** to maintain ductal patency, **balloon atrial septostomy**) and leads to rapid cardiac enlargement and failure if not addressed. *Tetralogy of Fallot* - While it causes **cyanosis**, severe **cardiomegaly** is less common in a 4-month-old as the right ventricular hypertrophy acts as a compensatory mechanism, and the heart size can appear normal or mildly enlarged initially. - The classic presentation is often with a **harsh systolic ejection murmur** and **Tet spells**, which are sudden episodes of deep cyanosis. *VSD* - An **isolated VSD** primarily causes a **left-to-right shunt**, leading to **acyanotic congenital heart disease**; cyanosis would only occur in cases of Eisenmenger syndrome, which is rare in a 4-month-old infant. - While it can cause **cardiomegaly** due to volume overload, the absence of cyanosis makes it less likely than TGA. *ASD* - An **isolated ASD** is an **acyanotic heart defect** that typically causes a **left-to-right shunt**, leading to increased pulmonary blood flow, not cyanosis. - Significant **cardiomegaly** and symptoms like heart failure often appear later in childhood or adulthood, if at all, as the shunt is usually well-tolerated in infancy.

Q: An infant with Down syndrome is likely to have which of the following cardiac anomalies?

Ventricular septal defect. ***Ventricular septal defect*** - **Atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)**, also called endocardial cushion defect, is the **most common cardiac anomaly** in Down syndrome (40-45% of CHD cases), accounting for more than any other single defect. - AVSD is a **complex defect** that involves VSD, ASD, and abnormal AV valves. Since VSD is the **ventricular component of AVSD** and isolated VSDs also occur in Down syndrome, **VSD** (either as part of AVSD or isolated) is the most common ventricular pathology. - Among the options provided, **VSD is the best answer** as it represents the most frequently affected chamber septum in Down syndrome. - Clinically presents with **heart failure symptoms** and risk of **pulmonary hypertension** due to left-to-right shunting. *Atrial septal defect* - **ASDs** can occur in Down syndrome, particularly as a component of AVSD (complete or partial). - However, **isolated ASD** (especially secundum type) is less specifically associated with Down syndrome compared to the VSD component of AVSD. - While present in many Down syndrome patients with AVSD, the **ventricular component** is more hemodynamically significant. *Tetralogy of Fallot* - **Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)** occurs in Down syndrome but with much **lower frequency** compared to AVSD. - TOF comprises: **VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy**, and **overriding aorta**. - Represents approximately 5-10% of CHD in Down syndrome, significantly less than AVSD. *Pulmonary atresia* - **Pulmonary atresia** is a severe cyanotic heart defect with complete obstruction of the pulmonary valve. - **Not characteristically associated** with Down syndrome; much rarer than AVSD or even TOF in this population. - Requires ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow and urgent intervention.

Q: A 4-year-old boy presents with irritability, poor feeding, and failure to thrive. Physical examination reveals a loud systolic murmur. Echocardiography shows a ventricular septal defect. What is the most likely long-term complication if left untreated?

Pulmonary hypertension. ***Pulmonary hypertension*** - A large **ventricular septal defect (VSD)** causes a significant left-to-right shunt, leading to increased blood flow and pressure in the pulmonary arteries. - Over time (typically years to decades), this sustained increase in pulmonary blood flow causes irreversible remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, leading to **pulmonary vascular obstructive disease** and **pulmonary hypertension**. - This is the **most serious long-term complication** because once established, it is **irreversible** and leads to **Eisenmenger syndrome** (shunt reversal with cyanosis), which has a very poor prognosis. - While heart failure may develop earlier, pulmonary hypertension represents the ultimate irreversible endpoint if the VSD remains uncorrected. *Heart failure* - **Congestive heart failure** is actually the **most common complication in the short-to-medium term**, and this child is already showing signs (poor feeding, failure to thrive, irritability). - However, heart failure can be managed medically and is potentially reversible with surgical correction of the VSD. - The question asks specifically about **long-term** complications, where pulmonary hypertension becomes the more critical concern due to its irreversibility. *Endocarditis* - While patients with VSD have an **increased risk of infective endocarditis** due to turbulent blood flow, this is an acute/subacute infectious complication rather than a chronic progressive process. - It occurs episodically rather than being an inevitable consequence of untreated VSD. - Risk can be mitigated with prophylactic antibiotics during high-risk procedures. *Arrhythmias* - **Arrhythmias** are not a primary complication of uncorrected VSDs in children. - They are more commonly associated with atrial septal defects, post-surgical changes, or advanced heart failure with chamber remodeling. - Not directly related to the hemodynamic consequences of left-to-right shunting.

Q: A 4-month-old infant presents with failure to thrive, a harsh systolic murmur, and signs of heart failure. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Ventricular Septal Defect. ***Ventricular Septal Defect*** - A **large ventricular septal defect** allows for significant left-to-right shunting, leading to **pulmonary overcirculation** and eventual **heart failure**, manifesting as failure to thrive and a harsh systolic murmur. - The murmur in a VSD is typically **holosystolic (pansystolic)** and loudest at the lower left sternal border. *Atrial Septal Defect* - While ASDs also cause left-to-right shunting, significant symptoms like **heart failure** and **failure to thrive** are uncommon in infancy unless the defect is very large. - The murmur associated with an ASD is typically a **systolic ejection murmur** at the upper left sternal border, often due to increased flow across the pulmonary valve, not a harsh holosystolic murmur. *Coarctation of the Aorta* - This condition presents with **differential pulses** and **blood pressure** between the upper and lower extremities, weak femoral pulses, and often a **systolic murmur** heard in the back. - While it can lead to heart failure, the primary murmur is usually not described as a generalized "harsh systolic murmur" with generalized signs of pulmonary congestion unless severe left ventricular dysfunction has occurred. *Tetralogy of Fallot* - Tetralogy of Fallot is a **cyanotic heart disease** characterized by four defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy. - Infants typically present with **cyanosis** (blue skin) and **tet spells**, rather than predominantly heart failure symptoms and failure to thrive in the first few months of life.

Q: A 2-year-old child with no past medical history presents with fever, rash, and swelling of the hands and feet. The child appears irritable and has red, cracked lips. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Kawasaki disease. ***Kawasaki disease*** * This constellation of symptoms, including **prolonged fever (typically ≥5 days)**, rash, **swelling of hands and feet**, **red cracked lips**, and irritability, is classic for **Kawasaki disease**. * It is an acute **vasculitis** primarily affecting young children (peak age 1-5 years) and can be associated with **coronary artery aneurysms** if untreated. *Scarlet fever* * While scarlet fever presents with fever and rash, it typically causes a **sandpaper-like rash** and a **strawberry tongue**, not prominent hand/foot swelling or cracked lips. * It is caused by Group A Streptococcus and often follows a strep throat infection. *Juvenile idiopathic arthritis* * This condition primarily involves chronic joint inflammation, not acute fever and polymorphous rash. * While joint swelling can occur, the characteristic mucocutaneous findings and fever pattern are not consistent with JIA. *Hand, foot, and mouth disease* * This viral illness typically presents with fever and characteristic **vesicular lesions** on the hands, feet, and in the mouth. * The rash in the question is described as a general rash, and the prominent swelling and specific lip changes point away from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease.

Q: A 6-month-old infant with failure to thrive and a loud systolic murmur is likely to have which condition?

Ventricular septal defect. ***Ventricular septal defect*** - A **ventricular septal defect (VSD)** causes a **loud pansystolic murmur** due to blood shunting from the left to the right ventricle, and significant shunting can lead to **heart failure** and **failure to thrive** in infants. - The combination of a loud systolic murmur and failure to thrive in an infant strongly suggests a VSD, as the increased pulmonary blood flow contributes to poor growth. *Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy* - While it can cause a systolic murmur, the murmur in **hypertrophic cardiomyopathy** is typically ejection systolic and heard best at the lower left sternal border, often increasing with Valsalva maneuver, and **failure to thrive** is not its primary presentation unless heart failure develops later. - HCM is primarily a genetic condition leading to abnormal thickening of the myocardium, which is not directly indicated by the given symptoms. *Atrial septal defect* - An **atrial septal defect (ASD)** typically produces a **soft systolic ejection murmur** over the pulmonic area due to increased blood flow across the pulmonic valve, with a **fixed split S2**. - It usually leads to **right ventricular enlargement** and is generally well-tolerated in infancy, rarely causing **failure to thrive** during the first 6 months. - ASDs are usually asymptomatic in infancy and often not detected until later childhood or adulthood unless very large. *Patent ductus arteriosus* - A **patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)** classically presents with a **continuous "machine-like" murmur**, rather than a loud systolic murmur, which is heard best below the left clavicle. - While a large PDA can cause **failure to thrive** and heart failure, the murmur quality ("loud systolic") described does not fit the typical PDA presentation.

Q: A 3-year-old child with a known heart murmur presents with a fever and a new heart murmur that was not previously documented. What should be the next step in management?

Echocardiography to evaluate for structural heart changes. ***Echocardiography to evaluate for structural heart changes*** - A **new heart murmur** in a febrile child with a pre-existing murmur raises concern for **infective endocarditis** or deterioration of underlying heart disease. - **Echocardiography** can visualize vegetations, assess valve function, and identify any new structural abnormalities, making it the most appropriate initial diagnostic step. *Immediate referral to a pediatric cardiologist* - While a **pediatric cardiologist** will be involved, performing an **echocardiogram** first provides critical diagnostic information needed for the specialist to make an informed management plan. - Referral alone without initial diagnostic imaging may delay necessary interventions. *Start empirical antibiotics for bacterial endocarditis* - Starting **empirical antibiotics** without confirmation could lead to unnecessary treatment, potential drug resistance, or mask the true underlying issue if it's not bacterial endocarditis. - **Blood cultures** and **echocardiography** are usually performed first to guide antibiotic therapy. *Observe and re-evaluate in 6 weeks* - This approach is inappropriate given the **fever** and **new murmur**, which are significant indicators of a potentially serious condition needing urgent evaluation. - Delaying diagnosis and treatment could lead to severe complications, especially in a child with a known heart murmur, who is at higher risk for conditions like **endocarditis**.

Q: A newborn is observed to have a loud, harsh murmur and poor feeding. Which congenital heart defect is most likely?

Ventricular septal defect. ***Ventricular septal defect*** - A **loud, harsh murmur** is characteristic of a VSD, resulting from turbulent blood flow through the defect between the ventricles. - **Poor feeding** in a newborn often indicates **congestive heart failure** due to increased pulmonary blood flow caused by a large VSD. *Atrial septal defect* - ASDs typically produce a **soft ejection systolic murmur** and are often **asymptomatic** in infancy. - Significant symptoms like poor feeding usually appear later in childhood or adulthood, if at all, due to the low-pressure shunt. *Patent ductus arteriosus* - A PDA typically presents with a **continuous "machinery-like" murmur**, distinct from the harsh murmur described. - While it can cause poor feeding and heart failure, the murmur quality is a key differentiator. *Tetralogy of Fallot* - TOF is characterized by **cyanosis** and a **systolic ejection murmur** due to pulmonary stenosis, not typically a loud, harsh murmur from a VSD as the primary finding. - **Hypercyanotic spells** (tet spells) are common, which are not mentioned in this presentation.

Q: What is the most likely diagnosis for a newborn exhibiting cyanosis, tachypnea, and a systolic murmur best heard at the left sternal border?

Tetralogy of Fallot. ***Tetralogy of Fallot*** - This congenital heart defect is characterized by **cyanosis** and a **systolic murmur** at the left sternal border, often due to **pulmonic stenosis** and a **ventricular septal defect**. - **Tachypnea** is a common compensatory mechanism for hypoxia in infants with significant right-to-left shunting. *Ventricular septal defect* - While a VSD can cause a systolic murmur, isolated VSDs typically present with **acyanotic heart disease** unless pulmonary hypertension is severe. - Cyanosis in the neonatal period associated with a VSD usually occurs as part of a more complex malformation like **Tetralogy of Fallot**. *Atrial septal defect* - ASDs are usually **acyanotic** and may not produce a significant murmur in the neonatal period, with sounds often being a **mid-systolic murmur** from increased flow across the pulmonic valve. - **Cyanosis** is not a primary feature of an isolated ASD unless pulmonary hypertension develops much later in life or there is a coexisting right-to-left shunt. *Patent ductus arteriosus* - A PDA typically causes a **continuous "machinery-like" murmur** rather than solely a systolic murmur. - While it can cause **tachypnea** due to pulmonary overcirculation, it does not usually cause **cyanosis** unless there is severe pulmonary hypertension with reversed shunting, which is less common in an otherwise uncomplicated PDA in a newborn.

Q: A 10-year-old boy presents with fatigue, palpitations, and chest pain during physical activity. His past medical history includes recurrent respiratory infections and failure to thrive. On examination, he has a grade 3/6 systolic murmur at the left lower sternal border and hepatomegaly. An ECG shows right ventricular hypertrophy, and an echocardiogram reveals a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) with pulmonary hypertension. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

Refer for surgical repair. ***Refer for surgical repair*** - The patient's presentation with fatigue, palpitations, chest pain, and **pulmonary hypertension** in the setting of a large VSD indicates significant cardiac compromise requiring definitive intervention. - While supportive measures are helpful, they are not curative for a large VSD with associated pulmonary hypertension, which can lead to irreversible **Eisenmenger syndrome** if not corrected. *Start diuretic therapy* - Diuretics can help manage **heart failure symptoms** like hepatomegaly and fatigue by reducing fluid overload. - However, they do not address the underlying **structural defect (VSD)** or the progression of pulmonary hypertension. *Administer oxygen therapy* - Oxygen therapy can alleviate symptoms of **hypoxia** and reduce pulmonary vascular resistance in some cases. - It is a supportive measure but does not resolve the anatomical defect or halt the progression of **pulmonary hypertension** caused by the VSD. *Initiate beta-blocker therapy* - Beta-blockers are primarily used to manage conditions like **hypertrophic cardiomyopathy** or to control heart rate. - They are not a primary treatment for a large VSD with pulmonary hypertension and might even worsen symptoms in cases of **right heart failure**.

Question 1

A 4-month-old infant with cyanosis and cardiomegaly: What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Transposition of Great Arteries

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

VSD

Answer

ASD

Question 2

An infant with Down syndrome is likely to have which of the following cardiac anomalies?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect

Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

Pulmonary atresia

Question 3

A 4-year-old boy presents with irritability, poor feeding, and failure to thrive. Physical examination reveals a loud systolic murmur. Echocardiography shows a ventricular septal defect. What is the most likely long-term complication if left untreated?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary hypertension

Answer

Endocarditis

Answer

Heart failure

Answer

Arrhythmias

Question 4

A 4-month-old infant presents with failure to thrive, a harsh systolic murmur, and signs of heart failure. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular Septal Defect

Answer

Atrial Septal Defect

Answer

Coarctation of the Aorta

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 5

A 2-year-old child with no past medical history presents with fever, rash, and swelling of the hands and feet. The child appears irritable and has red, cracked lips. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Kawasaki disease

Answer

Scarlet fever

Answer

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Answer

Hand, foot, and mouth disease

Question 6

A 6-month-old infant with failure to thrive and a loud systolic murmur is likely to have which condition?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect

Answer

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 7

A 3-year-old child with a known heart murmur presents with a fever and a new heart murmur that was not previously documented. What should be the next step in management?

Accepted Answer

Echocardiography to evaluate for structural heart changes

Answer

Immediate referral to a pediatric cardiologist

Answer

Start empirical antibiotics for bacterial endocarditis

Answer

Observe and re-evaluate in 6 weeks

Question 8

A newborn is observed to have a loud, harsh murmur and poor feeding. Which congenital heart defect is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular septal defect

Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Patent ductus arteriosus

Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 9

What is the most likely diagnosis for a newborn exhibiting cyanosis, tachypnea, and a systolic murmur best heard at the left sternal border?

Accepted Answer

Tetralogy of Fallot

Answer

Ventricular septal defect

Answer

Atrial septal defect

Answer

Patent ductus arteriosus

Question 10

A 10-year-old boy presents with fatigue, palpitations, and chest pain during physical activity. His past medical history includes recurrent respiratory infections and failure to thrive. On examination, he has a grade 3/6 systolic murmur at the left lower sternal border and hepatomegaly. An ECG shows right ventricular hypertrophy, and an echocardiogram reveals a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) with pulmonary hypertension. What is the most appropriate next step in management?

Accepted Answer

Refer for surgical repair

Answer

Start diuretic therapy

Answer

Administer oxygen therapy

Answer

Initiate beta-blocker therapy

Cardiology — MCQs

Cardiology — MCQs

On this page

Practice by Chapter

Want unlimited practice?